A review of recent progress in the application of Raman spectroscopy and SERS detection of microplastics and derivatives

Toward Nano- and Microplastic Sensors: Identification of Nano- and Microplastic Particles via Artificial Intelligence Combined with a Plasmonic Probe Functionalized with an Estrogen Receptor

“…Optical and electrochemical sensing strategies integrated with discrimination capability for the particle size and type represent a growing field. , In particular, different optical and/or electrochemical platforms were developed for this purpose. − For instance, the coupling between optical tweezers and ML was demonstrated for microplastics classification in terms of both size and material . However, this approach was not proven for plastic nanoparticles and requires an expensive and complex experimental setup.…”

“…A very recent work proposes a sensing approach by hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, demonstrating the nanoplastics classification in terms of different materials in water samples, but in this case too, the approach requires complex and expensive instrumentation. Analytical methods for microplastics characterization exploiting FTIR analysis coupled with AI-based tools were also available. , Additionally, the use of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates paves the way for micro- and nanoplastics identification . Lv et al .…”

The impact of analyte size on SERS enhancement location, enhancement factor, excitation wavelength, and spectrum

“…However, in the context of biological-based SERS detection 5–7 or some other detections (such as microplastics), 8,9 certain target analytes possess physical dimensions comparable to or even greater than the dimensions of hot-spots. For instance, proteins like BSA typically have a nominal size of 7.1 nm, 10 viruses span diameters ranging from 20 nm to 250–400 nm (with the SARS-CoV-2 virus being approximately 100 nm in diameter), 11 bacteria exhibit considerable size of around or larger than 1 μm, 12 while microplastics shows particle size varying from tens of nanometers to a few micrometers.…”

Into the Nanograms─Sensitive Detection of Microplastics in Passively Sampled Indoor Air Using F-Splitless Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

“…42 In addition, the impact of non-microplastic molecular interferences such as IR-absorbing materials or fluorescing particles must also be considered. 43 Although microplastic particle characteristics such as polymer density and particle morphology obtained by FTIR have been used to estimate the mass of microplastic particles, thus far, these methods have presented some challenges such as errors in estimation or large variations. 42 Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/ MS) has advantages over Raman and FTIR microspectroscopy for the measurement of microplastics.…”

“…Moreover, the analysis time can be longhours or sometimes daysdepending on the particle size and the size of the field being measured . In addition, the impact of non-microplastic molecular interferences such as IR-absorbing materials or fluorescing particles must also be considered . Although microplastic particle characteristics such as polymer density and particle morphology obtained by FTIR have been used to estimate the mass of microplastic particles, thus far, these methods have presented some challenges such as errors in estimation or large variations …”