A Review of Rabies Disease, its Transmission and Treatment

Bano, Iqra; Sajjad, Hira; Shah, Ali Mujtaba; Leghari, Ambreen; Mirbahar, Khalid Hussain; Shams, Sheeba; Soomro, Munaza

doi:10.14737/journal.jahp/2016/4.4.140.144

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Dog bites are considered a public health concern worldwide as they cause physical injury, psychological trauma, post-traumatic stress, and sometimes death resulting from rabies infection [1,2]. Rabies, a neglected tropical disease, is a neuro-invasive disease caused by Rhabdovirus, commonly transmitted from the saliva of some infected warm-blooded animals such as domestic dogs and cats, through bites or other forms of contact [3,4]. About 99% of human rabies cases are transmitted by domestic dogs [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana

et al. 2019

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Background: Human rabies, often contracted through dog bites, is a serious but neglected public health problem in the tropics, including Ghana. Due to its high fatality rate, adequate knowledge and vaccination of domestic dogs against the disease are very crucial in reducing its burden. We examined dog owners’ knowledge level on rabies and factors that influenced anti-rabies vaccination of dogs in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 randomly sampled dog owners in six communities from six Districts using a multistage sampling technique, in the Upper East Region of Ghana. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential analyses were done using STATA 14.1. Results: While knowledge about rabies was 199 (76.5%), that about anti-rabies vaccination was 137 (52.7%). District of residence (χ2 = 112.59, p < 0.001), sex (χ2 = 6.14, p = 0.013), education (χ2 = 20.45, p < 0.001) as well as occupation (χ2 = 11.97, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with rabies knowledge. District of residence (χ2 = 57.61, p < 0.001), Educational level (χ2 = 15.37, p = 0.004), occupation (χ2 = 11.66, p = 0.009), religion (χ2 = 8.25, p = 0.016) and knowledge on rabies (χ2 = 42.13, p < 0.001) were also statistically associated with dog vaccination against rabies. Dog owners with good knowledge on rabies for instance, were more likely to vaccinate their dogs against rabies compared to those with poor knowledge [AOR = 1.99 (95% CI: 0.68, 5.86), p = 0.210]. Dog owners with tertiary level of education were also 76.31 times more likely (95% CI: 6.20, 938.49, p = 0.001) to have good knowledge about rabies compared to those with no formal education. Conclusions: Dog owners in the Upper East Region of Ghana had good knowledge about rabies. This, however, did not translate into correspondingly high levels of dog vaccination against the disease. Rabies awareness and vaccination campaigns should, therefore, be intensified in the region, especially among the least educated and female dog owners.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana

et al. 2019

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“…The pododermatitis is the only symptom that does not seem to relate with a rabies diagnosis. It is possible that the pododermatitis, which hinders mobility, makes deer an easier target for other animal bites, which is the main rabies transmission route [ 1 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rabies is a global and fatal zoonosis that causes encephalitis in warm-blooded animals [ 1 ]. The causal agent is the rabies virus of the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatal Case of Rabies in a Captive White-Tailed Deer: A Case Report from Chiapas, Mexico

et al. 2021

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Rabies is a fatal viral infection that causes enc ephalitis in warm-blooded animals, including humans. Dog-transmitted rabies is considered eradicated in Mexico; however, rabies is not being tested in livestock with neurological symptoms (one of the main manifestations of rabies disease). In this case report, we describe a rabies case in a white-tailed deer in the Santo Domingo ranch, in Catazajá, Chiapas, Mexico, where white-tailed deer are kept under captivity, and are meant for human consumption. This is the first report of a rabies case in white-tailed deer in Mexico. We also describe the challenges to obtain a rabies diagnosis and the lack of public health policies to ensure containment of the disease, as well as the lack of awareness among farmers in the area. One single confirmed case of rabies indicates that more animals are affected by the disease. The risk for human health and economical losses will remain unknown until rabies tests are routinely performed in animals that present neurological symptoms.

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“…Many countries are endemic areas, except Australia and Antarctica [1]. Rabies is fatal viral disease in unvaccinated humans or animals [2]. Rabies virus infects domestic and wild animals [3], urban rabies type is spread chiefly by unvaccinated domestic or street dogs and cats, while sylvatic-type rabies is spread by wolves, foxes, skunks, jackals, etc [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment on rabies entry through hunting dog movement with semi-quantitative approach to Sumatera Island, Indonesia

et al. 2019

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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the risk of rabies entry through the movement of hunting dog from Garut District to Sumatera Island with a semi-quantitative approach. Materials and Methods: Rabies entry assessment used the standard risk analysis according to the World Organization for Animal Health, with a semi-quantitative approach referring to Australian Biosecurity. Risk estimation calculation used Microsoft Excel and probabilities were estimated using Monte Carlo stochastic simulation modeling with @Risk (Palisade Corporation). Results: Risk estimation were considered as “very low” with a 0.02 (90%; 0.01–0.03) probability. The probability of undetected rabies-infected dog during Veterinary Certificate issuance [node probability (NP4)] was considered as the highest, with “moderate” likelihood and 0.63 (90%; 0.51–0.75) of probability value. The number of dog movement to Sumatera reached 27,000 heads per year which 5,050 heads of them come from Garut District. There were 2 of 100 dogs from Garut District entered to Sumatera possibly infected by rabies. The five highest parameters most determinant of the risk were dog vaccination before transported (0.66), dog obtained from other District (0.41), vaccination program (0.32), serologically test (0.27), and history of vaccination (0.23). Conclusion: Risk estimation from assessing on rabies entry to Sumatera through hunting dogs movement from Garut District was considered “very low.” Risk mitigation is focused on the highest parameters that contribute the most to risk based on the results of the sensitivity analysis. Semi-quantitative likelihood evaluations can consider the volume of dog traffic which is an important issue in risk analysis which is not easy to get with a simpler qualitative approach.

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A Review of Rabies Disease, its Transmission and Treatment

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Fatal Case of Rabies in a Captive White-Tailed Deer: A Case Report from Chiapas, Mexico

Risk assessment on rabies entry through hunting dog movement with semi-quantitative approach to Sumatera Island, Indonesia

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