A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific oceans

O’Loughlin, P. Mark; Ahearn, Cynthia

doi:10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.5

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…7B), and it was from this state that the "absent" and "testate" forms derived independently several times. Holothuroids without ossicles in their body walls may have ossicles in their tube feet, tentacles, gonads, pygal lobes, and respiratory trees (O'Loughlin and Ahearn, 2005). According to the transformation analysis (Fig.…”

Section: Skeletal Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enypniastes eximia also has bioluminescent granular bodies in their body walls that they can "slough off" when they are physically disturbed (Robison, 1992); it is possible that ossicles might have interfered with this defensive technique. Some Pseudostichopus (Persiculida) species cover themselves with sponge spicules, foraminifera, or other hard debris (O'Loughlin and Ahearn, 2005) that may act as alternatives to ossicles. Interestingly, Heding (1935) also mentions a "conspicuous thick layer of cartilaginous-like tissue between the cutis and the transverse-muscles" of Molpadiodemas acaudum (= M. atlanticus), which may stiffen the body wall in the same manner as ossicles.…”

Section: Skeletal Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

Miller

Kerr

Paulay

et al. 2017

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

144

115

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Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are a morphologically diverse, ecologically important, and economically valued clade of echinoderms; however, the understanding of the overall systematics of the group remains controversial. Here, we present a phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea assessed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches using approximately 4.3kb of mt- (COI, 16S, 12S) and nDNA (H3, 18S, 28S) sequences from 82 holothuroid terminals representing 23 of the 27 widely-accepted family-ranked taxa. Currently five holothuroid taxa of ordinal rank are accepted. We find that three of the five orders are non-monophyletic, and we revise the taxonomy of the groups accordingly. Apodida is sister to the rest of Holothuroidea, here considered Actinopoda. Within Actinopoda, Elasipodida in part is sister to the remaining Actinopoda. This latter clade, comprising holothuroids with respiratory trees, is now called Pneumonophora. The traditional Aspidochirotida is paraphyletic, with representatives from three orders (Molpadida, Dendrochirotida, and Elasipodida in part) nested within. Therefore, we discontinue the use of Aspidochirotida and instead erect Holothuriida as the sister group to the remaining Pneumonophora, here termed Neoholothuriida. We found four well-supported major clades in Neoholothuriida: Dendrochirotida, Molpadida and two new clades, Synallactida and Persiculida. The mapping of traditionally-used morphological characters in holothuroid systematics onto the phylogeny revealed marked homoplasy in most characters demonstrating that further taxonomic revision of Holothuroidea is required. Two time-tree analyses, one based on calibrations for uncontroversial crown group dates for Eleutherozoa, Echinozoa and Holothuroidea and another using these calibrations plus four more from within Holothuroidea, showed major discrepancies, suggesting that fossils of Holothuroidea may need reassessment in terms of placing these forms with existing crown clades.

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Section: Skeletal Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Skeletal Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

Miller

Kerr

Paulay

et al. 2017

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

144

115

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“…The more than 1,420 described extant species (Smiley 1994;Kerr 2003) occur in all marine environments from the intertidal to the deepest oceanic trenches, where they may constitute [90 % of the biomass (Belyaev 1972). Among these are synallactid holothurians, a group of aspidochirote sea cucumbers that is restricted to the deep water of all oceans today (e.g., Théel 1886;Sluiter 1901;Mitsukuri 1912;Ohshima 1915;Pawson 1965;O'Loughlin and Ahearn 2005) and is characterised by a small to medium size, tube feet, shield-shaped tentacles, lack of tentacle ampullae and specific body-wall ossicles in the form of tables and rods. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and comprises nearly 140 species in more than 15 genera (Pawson 1982;Solís-Marín 2005, Reich herein); members of the Synallactidae appear frequently as characteristic animals of the abyssal megafauna including tracks and fecal remains (Pawson 1978;Young et al 1985;Bluhm and Gebruk 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oldest synallactid sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida)

Reich¹

2010

Paläontol Z

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Aspidochirote holothurian ossicles were discovered in Upper Ordovician-aged Ö jlemyr cherts from Gotland, Sweden. The well-preserved material allows definitive assignment to the family Synallactidae, a deepsea sea cucumber group that is distributed worldwide today. The new taxon Tribrachiodemas ordovicicus gen. et sp. nov. is described, representing the oldest member of the Aspidochirotida. The further fossil record of Synallactidae and evolutionary implications are also discussed.

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“…10 figs. 5, 6;Branch et al 1993: 55 (in key);O'Loughlin & Ahearn, 2005: 171-173 (synonymy complete). Pseudostichopus trachus Sluiter, 1901: 52-53, pl.…”

Section: Family Cucumellidae Thandar and Arumugam 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Distribution. Sub-Antarctic-Antarctic, North and South Pacific Oceans, southern Indian and East Atlantic Oceans and eastern Australian continental slope, 91-1587 m (O'Loughlin & Ahearn 2005).…”

Section: Family Cucumellidae Thandar and Arumugam 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

On some miscellaneous sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the collections of the South African Museum with three new species

Thandar

2018

Zootaxa

748

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A miscellaneous collection of mostly small holothuroids, comprising some 140 specimens, received from the Iziko South African Museum (SAM), are here recorded and/or briefly described. Of these, one jar contained a badly mutilated holothuroid which was unidentifiable and hence not included here. The remaining material comprises 18 nominal species and an indeterminate elasipodid, perhaps representing a species of Benthodytes. Of the 18 nominal species, four are new to science, one of which has already been described as Trachythyone flaccida Thandar, 2013. Another, although represented by a single mature specimen from deep-water off the Transkei coast (Eastern Cape Province), is so different from its congeners that it is also described as a new species, Stereoderma mohammedi n. sp. Two other specimens, although juvenile, are so extraordinary in their composition of ossicles, that they are also taken to represent another new species, ?Temparena trouspetita n. sp. The collection also includes a single specimen of Synallactes, which together with a specimen misidentified as S. viridilimus by Thandar (2008), is also described as a new species, S. quatrami n. sp. The remaining species proved to be either new records for the southern African region or already well-known southern African forms whose distribution ranges have now changed.

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A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

The oldest synallactid sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida)

On some miscellaneous sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the collections of the South African Museum with three new species

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