A review of power consumption models of servers in data centers

Jin, Chaoqiang; Bai, Xian–Xu; Yang, Chao; Mao, Wangxin; Xu, Xiaojun

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114806

Cited by 116 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The server is regarded as the basic unit of power and heat flow path [90]. In lowpower servers, energy usage is reduced via components configuration.…”

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approaches are illustrated by Rong et al [40], including features, energy efficiency, and constraint of selected technologies. Recent advancements are presented by Jin et al [90], who compare existing server power consumption models and identify future research trends. It is found that it is possible to handle a heavier workload without increasing energy use.…”

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Practical and Effective Measures Such as Changing Energy Mix, Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Reducing Energy Use, and Circular Energy or Recycling Energy

Manganelli¹,

Soldati²,

Martirano³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Information and communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly permeating our daily life and we ever more commit our data to the cloud. Events like the COVID-19 pandemic put an exceptional burden upon ICT infrastructures. This involves implementation and utilization of data centers, which increasingly contribute to energy and environmental impact. In this work, we address strategies to improve energy efficiency of data centers, to enhance sustainability towards energy resource and the environment. Among key strategies are innovative cooling technologies, use of natural resources, automation techniques, low-power electronics, and equipment with extended thermal limits. Research perspectives are identified and estimates of improvement opportunities are presented.

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“…The server is regarded as the basic unit of power and heat flow path [90]. In lowpower servers, energy usage is reduced via components configuration.…”

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Practical and Effective Measures Such as Changing Energy Mix, Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Reducing Energy Use, and Circular Energy or Recycling Energy

Manganelli¹,

Soldati²,

Martirano³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The server is regarded as the basic unit of power and heat flow path [107]. In lowpower servers, energy usage is reduced via components configuration.…”

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approaches are illustrated by Rong et al [44], including features, energy efficiency, and constraint of selected technologies. Recent advancements are presented by Jin et al [107], who compare existing server power consumption models and identify future research trends. It is found that it is possible to handle a heavier workload without increasing energy use.…”

Section: Low-power Serversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Energy Mix, Energy Conservation, and Circular Energy

Manganelli¹,

Soldati²,

Martirano³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly permeating our daily life and we ever more commit our data to the cloud. Events like the COVID-19 pandemic put an exceptional burden upon ICT infrastructures. This involves increasing implementation and use of data centers, which increased energy use and environmental impact. The scope of this work is to take stock on data center impact, opportunities, and assessment. First, we estimate impact entity. Then, we review strategies for efficiency and energy conservation in data centers. Energy use pertain to power distribution, IT-equipment, and non-IT equipment (e.g. cooling): Existing and prospected strategies and initiatives in these sectors are identified. Among key elements are innovative cooling techniques, natural resources, automation, low-power electronics, and equipment with extended thermal limits. Research perspectives are identified and estimates of improvement opportunities are presented. Finally, we present an overview on existing metrics, regulatory framework, and bodies concerned.

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“…Data centers in the United States consumed about 2 percent of the nation's electricity in 2014 and that level is expected to continue to increase in the near future [1]. The IT equipment (ITE) and its associated heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the predominant energy consumers in data centers [2]. The ITE results in a much more intensive cooling load than typical equipment in commercial facilities such as office buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototype energy models for data centers

Sun

Luo

et al. 2021

Energy and Buildings

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Data centers in the United States consume about two percent of the nation's electricity. Because heat gains from IT equipment drive cooling demand, data centers offer unique opportunities for energy savings. However, no prototype energy model for data centers is available in the suite of existing U.S. Department of Energy's Commercial Prototype Building Models. This study presented the development of two new data center prototype models and their implementation in OpenStudio and EnergyPlus. The small-size data center model represents a computer room in a building served by computer room air conditioners (CRACs); while the large-sized model represents stand-alone data centers served by computer room air handlers (CRAHs) with a central chiller plant. For each data center model, two levels of IT equipment (ITE) load density were considered, to cover the wide range of IT power density of data centers: 40 and 100 W/ft 2 (430 and 1,076 W/m 2) for the computer room, and 100 and 500 W/ft 2 (1,076 and 5,382 W/m 2) for the standalone data center. All other assumptions, such as building envelope, lighting, HVAC efficiencies and schedules, were based on the minimal requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 at various vintages. We introduced a novel concept of supply and return air approach temperatures to capture the essential effects of non-uniform airflow and temperature distribution in data centers. The approach temperatures were pre-computed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for various configurations of ITE loads and airflow containment management in data centers. A new feature was developed in EnergyPlus to implement the approach temperature method. A case study was conducted to demonstrate the use of the data center models. The two data center models cover all U.S. climate zones and can be used to evaluate energy saving measures for data centers, as well as to support development of data center energy efficiency codes and standards.

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A review of power consumption models of servers in data centers

Cited by 116 publications

References 52 publications

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Practical and Effective Measures Such as Changing Energy Mix, Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Reducing Energy Use, and Circular Energy or Recycling Energy

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Practical and Effective Measures Such as Changing Energy Mix, Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Reducing Energy Use, and Circular Energy or Recycling Energy

Strategies for Improving the Sustainability of Data Centers via Energy Mix, Energy Conservation, and Circular Energy

Prototype energy models for data centers

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