A review of potential contaminants in Australian livestock feeds and proposed guidance levels for feed

MacLachlan, Dugald J.; Blaney, B. J.; Cook, L. G.; Klim, E.; Schöll, Regina; Sexton, Martin; Spragg, JC; Watts, Raymond D.

doi:10.1071/an12048

Cited by 6 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…Aspergillus spp. and Pithomyces chartarum are the most noteworthy fungi when investigating hepatotoxic mycotoxin production [ 22 , 24 , 25 ]. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the most common species in agriculture which produce aflatoxins.…”

Section: Some Known Mycotoxins Affecting Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia

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Edwards

Deseo

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a hepatotoxicity principally of cattle which occurs in southern regions of Australia. Severely affected animals undergo rapid clinical progression with mortalities often occurring prior to the recognition of clinical signs. Less severely affected animals develop photosensitization and a proportion can develop liver failure. The characteristic histopathological lesion in acute fatal cases is severe, with acute necrosis of periportal hepatocytes with hemorrhage into the necrotic areas. Currently there are a small number of toxins that are known to cause periportal necrosis in cattle, although none of these have so far been linked to ABLD. Furthermore, ABLD has frequently been associated with the presence of rough dog’s tail grass (Cynosurus echinatus) and Drechslera spp. fungi in the pasture system, but it is currently unknown if these are etiological factors. Much of the knowledge about ABLD is contained within case reports, with very little experimental research investigating the specific cause(s). This review provides an overview of the current and most recently published knowledge of ABLD. It also draws on wider research and unpublished reports to suggest possible fungi and mycotoxins that may give rise to ABLD.

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Section: Some Known Mycotoxins Affecting Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Understanding of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia

Read

Edwards

Deseo

et al. 2016

Toxins

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“…Aflatoxins are a group of chemically similar compounds primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus [9,93]. Many aflatoxins have been identified; however, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 predominate [8,9,93]. Summer cereals, particularly maize and peanuts, are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination [9].…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many aflatoxins have been identified; however, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 predominate [8,9,93]. Summer cereals, particularly maize and peanuts, are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination [9]. In Australia, this is primarily a concern in non-irrigated peanut crops in south-east Queensland [8,9].…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summer cereals, particularly maize and peanuts, are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination [9]. In Australia, this is primarily a concern in non-irrigated peanut crops in south-east Queensland [8,9]. In healthy crops, natural plant defenses inhibit the growth of the fungus; however, in high temperatures and low moisture, damage to seed kernels can allow the fungus to invade (Table 1) [9].…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hepatotoxic agent may be a component of the plant or be produced by fungal organisms that colonize feed. Fungal growth or contamination of feed is highly dependent on environmental factors [7][8][9][10]. As such, disease caused by mycotoxins can be seen in many areas of Australia provided that environmental conditions support growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant and Fungal Hepatotoxicities of Cattle in Australia, with a Focus on Minimally Understood Toxins

Manthorpe

Jerrett

Rawlin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Plant- and fungus-derived hepatotoxins are a major cause of disease and production losses in ruminants in Australia and around the world. Many are well studied and described in the literature; however, this is not the case for a number of hepatotoxicities with economic and animal welfare impacts, such as acute bovine liver disease (ABLD), brassica-associated liver disease (BALD) and Trema tomentosa, Argentipallium blandowskianum and Lythrum hyssopifolia toxicity. Additionally, significant overlap in the clinical presentation and pathology of these conditions can present a diagnostic challenge for veterinarians. This review summarizes the current and most recently published knowledge of common plant- and fungus-associated hepatotoxins affecting cattle in Australia, with a focus on the mechanisms of toxicity and distinguishing diagnostic features. Consolidation of the current understanding of hepatotoxic mechanisms in cattle provides insight into the potential mechanisms of lesser-known toxins, including cellular and subcellular targets and potential metabolic pathways. In the absence of specific etiological investigations, the study of epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of hepatotoxicity provides valuable insights into potential toxic mechanisms and is integral for the successful diagnosis and management of these conditions.

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Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review

Gerber

Gould²,

McGahan³

2020

Poultry Science

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Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in demand and cost of chicken bedding has stimulated interest in alternative bedding sources worldwide. However, risks arising from the use of alternative bedding materials for raising meat chickens are currently unknown. Organic chemicals, elemental, and biological contaminants, as well as physical and management hazards need to be managed in litter to protect the health of chickens and consequently that of human consumers. This requires access to information on the transfer of contaminants from litter to food to inform risk profiles and assessments to guide litter risk management. In this review, contaminants and hazards of known and potential concern in alternative bedding are described and compared with existing standards for feed. The contaminants considered in this review include organic chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and lead), biological contaminants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and microorganisms), physical hazards, and management hazards. Reference is made to scientific literature for acceptable levels of the above contaminants in chicken feed that can be used for guidance by those involved in selecting and using bedding materials.

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A review of potential contaminants in Australian livestock feeds and proposed guidance levels for feed

Cited by 6 publications

References 140 publications

Current Understanding of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia

Current Understanding of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia

Plant and Fungal Hepatotoxicities of Cattle in Australia, with a Focus on Minimally Understood Toxins

Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review

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