“…As online political advertising has rapidly become a feature of contemporary election campaigns, studies of usage have emerged in the United States (Barrett, 2022; Edelson et al, 2018; Ridout et al, 2021), the United Kingdom (Dommett & Bakir, 2020; Power & Mason, 2023), Canada (Bennett & Gordon, 2020), Brazil (Silva et al, 2020), Ireland (Kirk & Teeling, 2021), Germany (Medina Serrano et al, 2020), across Europe (Kruschinski & Bene, 2022), and beyond. Whilst existing research has mapped campaigns' increasing reliance on online political advertising, and raised concerns about the democratic impact of this activity (Kim et al, 2018; Zuiderveen Borgesius et al, 2018), the vast majority of scholars studying online political advertising fail to define the object of study (Coppock et al, 2020; Edelson et al, 2018; Fulgoni et al, 2016; Hager, 2019; Harker, 2020; Kim et al, 2018; Kruikemeier et al, 2016; Ridout et al, 2021; see Jaursch, 2020 for a notable exception).…”