A Review of Phase Change Materials for the Thermal Management and Isothermalisation of Lithium-Ion Cells

Advances in Prevention of Thermal Runaway in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…[10,38] It is difficult to directly compare PCMs as they have been tested with batteries with different chemistries under different conditions; however, there are certain advantages and disadvantages associated with each type (Table 2); for example, metallic salts such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate have the lowest cost in terms of $/kW but may undergo sedimentation over time and degrade in quality. [39] The thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons such as paraffin is so poor that they have to be mixed with a conductive agent such as expanded graphite, and the composite may degrade over time due to melting. Eutectic salts and fatty acids do not undergo Figure 3.…”

“…[24] phase separation but may be more expensive than hydrocarbons such as paraffin. [39] Since 2015, a new development to improve the effectiveness of solid PCMs with low thermal conductivity has been to add heat pipes made of very high thermal conductivity material such as copper to conduct latent heat from the PCM toward the outside of the battery pack. [40,41] For example, a sandwich structure consisting of the battery, a plate of PCM-graphite composite, and a copper plate can be created, with the copper plate attached to a copper heat pipe with a radiating fin to remove heat efficiently .…”

“…[43] This model is still under development and is complex to operate but has the potential to achieve a very uniform temperature inside the battery pack. [39] The system has the dual advantage of fluid convection to remove heat, combined with the latent heat energy of the liquid-gas phase change. The liquid used has to have a boiling point close to the cell operating temperature such as Novec 7000 hydroflouroether [44] or water vapor.…”

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

“…Such materials rely on the large latent heat of vaporization that occurs during a phase change (for example, when a wax melts to become a liquid). Further information on work in this area may be found in references [38][39][40].…”

Thermal cycling aging of encapsulated phase change material – Compressed expanded natural graphite composite

“…Phase Change Materials (PCM) are commonly used in different applications for heat storage and thermal control in many areas: solar power [1] [2] [3], building [4] [5] [6], domestic hot water [7] [8], electronic [9] [10] [11] [12], smart textile [13], transportation [14] [15] [16] [17], industrial processes [18] [19] [20] etc. In all the applications, the PCM undergoes numerous thermal cycles that can be up to few thousands during their lifetime.…”