A review of patterns and geographical distribution of human-wildlife conflicts in Indonesia

Abstract

The unprecedented growth of human-dominated landscapes has led to population decline and the extinction of many animal species. A major paradigm shift that perceived wildlife as problem animals into threatened species that need protection triggered human-wildlife conflict studies. Although human-wildlife conflict incidences can be found globally, they have unique characteristics in each region of the world. However, little is known about the characteristics of human-wildlife conflicts in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. There is a need for a comprehensive insight into human-wildlife conflict studies in Indonesia to understand past advancements and propose future priorities. This study examined the literature that provides the overall view of the human-wildlife conflict patterns in the country. The results showed that there was a comparatively small number of studies because this field was a relatively new subject in Indonesia. Furthermore, there were big gaps regarding animal species and the geographic distribution of study sites. A total of 35 species belonging to eight taxonomic groups experienced conflicts with humans. However, the studies heavily focused on three groups of animals and certain areas of the country. The predominant conflict sites were secondary forest, agroforestry, and farmlands. The conflicts in these areas unveiled the significance of local beliefs and social norms for formulating mitigation strategies.

Architecture for Wildlife: The Possible Solution to Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Indonesia

“…One study showed that human-wildlife conflict typically occurs in secondary forests, agroforestry, and farmlands. The study also notes that as many as 35 species of wildlife in eight taxonomic groups have fallen victim to humanwildlife conflict [10].…”

Mapping crime determinants in Central Java: an in-depth exploration through local spatial association and regression analysis

“…The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the crime situation in Central Java and to uncover the factors and spatial effects that influence crime within the region. By conducting an in-depth spatial analysis, we aim to shed light on the unique characteristics of Central Java's crime landscape [27], [28]. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and researchers seeking to develop informed strategies for crime reduction and the enhancement of public safety in Central Java.…”

Long-Tailed Macaque Reliance on Anthropogenic Food with Potential Conflicts toward Humans in the Campus of Universiti Malaysia Sabah

“…One of the most intractable challenges for wildlife managers globally is the increasing incidences of human-wildlife conflict due to factors such as habitat loss and fragmentation, humans encroaching on wildlife habitats, and the increasing populations of certain wildlife species (Treves and Karanth 2003; Sukumar 2006; Riley 2007; Dickman 2010; Enari 2021; Rifaie et al 2021; Tsuji and Enari 2021). Conflicts between humans and nonhuman primates (hereafter primates), in particular, have been documented in many regions (Lee and Priston 2005), notably with macaques ( Macaca spp.).…”