A review of PAH exposure from the combustion of biomass fuel and their less surveyed effect on the blood parameters

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed to evaluate the atmospheric concentration levels and ambient exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi districts of the Punjab Province (Pakistan). The PAHs were extracted from the PUFs disks using Soxhlet extraction assembly, and were further concentrated using rotary evaporator, purified on a column, packed with alumina/silica, and eluted with a solution of dichloromethane:hexane (1:1 v:v). The PAHs quantification was carried out gas-chromatograph equipped with a mass-spectrometer (GC-MS). Regression scatter plots and molecular diagnostic ratios were used to identify and characterize the emission of PAH species from different sources. Among all detected PAHs, a high concentration of naphthalene (Naph) was observed in Lahore (327 pg m -3 ) and Rawalpindi (316 pg m -3 ) cities followed by phenanthrene, banzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, benzo(b)florenthene and benzo(k)flourenthene. Our findings revealed that the low molecular weight (LM)-PAHs in Rawalpindi and Gujranwala cities could have possibly originated from a local petroleum refinery and vehicular emissions respectively, whereas the high molecular weight (HM)-PAHs observed in Wazirabad, could be largely related to both biomass and traffic emissions. Results also showed that ~88 percent of the atmospheric PAHs could be attributed to the wood combustions (R 2 = 0.88), out of which more than 50 percent of wood combustion were possibly with the brick kiln sector (R 2 = 0.53).

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Unlike some previous studies on similar topic (Trejo-Acevedo et al 2012;Pruneda-Álvarez et al 2012;Ruíz-Vera et al 2014;Pérez-Maldonado et al 2014) which used only 1-OHPyr to evaluate human PAH exposure, in this study, urinary β-naphthol concentration was also measured as another biomarker for human exposure to wood smoke (Zelikoff et al 2002;Kato et al 2004;Kamal et al 2014Kamal et al , 2015a. Moreover, β-naphthol can be used as biomarker of recent naphthalene exposure, even at low levels (Kim et al 1999).…”

Section: Comparative Analyses Of Biomarkers Of Exposure and Effectmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The most widely used urinary PAH metabolite is 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) which has been found in elevated concentrations for example in smokers, in patients receiving coal tar treatment (vs. pre-treatment), in coke oven workers, and in subjects ingesting charbroiled meat (Jongeneelen 2001;Zhang et al 2014;Kamal et al 2015a and references therein). Monitoring 1-OHPyr together with other urinary biomarkers such as β-naph is suitable for evaluating total PAH exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of PAH exposure and hematologic effects in subjects exposed to combustion emission during residential (and professional) cooking practices in Pakistan

Cincinelli

Martellini

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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During the last decade, advances in analytical methods, an avalanche of information available over the Internet and a creation of international collaborations, have greatly increased our understanding of the role of trace elements in humans. Today, morbidity and mortality related to trace element deficiencies or toxicities affect more than half of the world's population. Research on both essential and toxic trace elements runs the gamut, from studies of dietary intake, requirements, and standards to optimal homeostasis and threshold values to genetic, molecular, and biochemical investigations of mechanisms of action. Specifically, trace elements are known to be involved in receptor, hormone, and enzyme functions, as well as genetics and derangements in disease.Disorders of trace element metabolism represent an important class of human diseases. The best known of these reflect abnormalities in iron, copper, or zinc metabolism. These diseases can lead to a deficiency of the metal in the tissues (e.g., matriptase-2 deficiency for iron, Menkes disease for copper, acrodermatitis enteropathica for zinc) or an excess (e.g., hemochromatosis for iron, Wilson's disease for copper). The adverse health effects resulting from trace element malnutrition have been almost completely solved in affluent countries with the exception of marginalized population groups, but deficiencies of trace element are still quite prevalent in less developed countries. Similarly, acute and chronic toxicity due to overexposure/pollution is a much more extensive problem in less developed countries than those that are affluent. Subclinical conditions of toxicity may be associated with a chronic low level occupational, environmental toxic exposure, or food toxicology and lead to insidious biological effects that indirectly affect health and disease risk.The propensity of a metal to be accumulated by living organisms depends on the affinity of the element for biological surfaces and its ability to cross external cell membranes, which, in turn, depends on its speciation. Once incorporated inside cells, the fate of the metal and its effects will depend on the ability of the organism to detoxify, and ultimately, eliminate the metal. Metals inappropriately bound to sensitive subcellular components, such as mitochondria or metabolic enzymes, can lead to oxidative stress and substantial metabolic costs. Each species within a food web possesses its own capacity for metal accumulation, storage, detoxification, and elimination. This species-specific response, combined with behavioral and ecological considerations of predator-prey interactions, greatly affects the capacity of metals to efficiently transfer along food webs and to induce toxicity.The present issue of ESPR contains selected articles contributed by speakers at the International Seminar BEcotoxicology and toxicology: problems and decisions.T he meeting was held in Rovaltain, Alixan, France, on 26 November 2015 and was organized by Trace ElementInstitute for UNESCO (TEU) and Foundation Rovaltain, in...

“…Some of these PAHs have been included in the list of substances of very high concern (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency. PAHs are listed individually on EPA's priority chemical list due to their persistence, bioaccumulative and carcinogenic nature (Park et al 2011;Li et al 2010;Kamal et al 2014b). PAHs might pose several human health risks such as damage of red blood cells (RBCs), haemolytic anaemia in children and toxic responses to the kidney and liver in animals (Kamal et al 2014a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few PAHs [especially naphthalene (Nap) and phenanthrene (Phe)] may be biologically produced in plants, soils and sediments, which could have some influence on the distribution of PAHs in the riverine ecosystem (Cabrerizo et al 2011). They are mainly originating from anthropogenic activities (Kamal et al 2014b). These anthropogenic sources can be broadly classified as pyrogenic and petrogenic sources including combustion of biomass and fossil fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative abundance and seasonal distribution correspond with the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of Chenab River, Pakistan

Hussain

Syed

et al. 2016

Environ Monit Assess

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Chenab River is one of the most important rivers of Punjab Province (Pakistan) that receives huge input of industrial effluents and municipal sewage from major cities in the Central Punjab, Pakistan. The current study was designed to evaluate the concentration levels and associated ecological risks of USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of Chenab River. Sampling was performed from eight (n = 24) sampling stations of Chenab River and its tributaries. We observed a relatively high abundance of ∑16PAHs during the summer season (i.e. 554 ng g(-1)) versus that in the winter season (i.e. 361 ng g(-1)), with an overall abundance of two-, five- and six-ring PAH congeners. Results also revealed that the nitrate and phosphate contents in the sediments were closely associated with low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, respectively. Source apportionment results showed that the combustion of fossil fuels appears to be the key source of PAHs in the study area. The risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that seven PAH congeners (i.e. phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene and benzo(a)anthracene) could pose serious threats to the aquatic life of the riverine ecosystem in Pakistan.