A Review of Otolith Pathways to Brainstem and Cerebellum

Büttner-Ennevera, J. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09175.x

Cited by 138 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 85 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

100

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A graviceptional role of the mammalian saccule is indicated by the termination of SA afferent fibers in the vestibular nuclei (see Büttner-Ennever 1999), by the presence of SA signals in particular spinal motoneurons that are involved in postural control Uchino et al 1997;Wilson et al 1977) and by the presence of powerful sacculo-collic reflexes Xerri et al 1987). However, in contrast to a contribution of SA signals to postural control, only very few 2°VOR neurons in cat receive afferent SA signals Sato et al 2000); this is compatible with the absence of a disynaptic sacculo-ocular reflex pathway (Isu et al 2000) and a very weak vertical maculo-ocular reflex (e.g., in rat, Hess and Dieringer 1991).…”

Section: Functional Role Of Otolith Organs In Frog and Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Canal and Otolith Afferent Input Convergence in Frog Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

Straka

Holler

Goto

2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Straka, H., S. Holler, and F. Goto. Patterns of canal and otolith afferent input convergence in frog second-order vestibular neurons. J Neurophysiol 88: 2287-2301, 2002 10.1152/jn.00370.2002 were identified in the isolated frog brain by the presence of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) after separate electrical stimulation of individual vestibular nerve branches. Combinations of one macular and the three semicircular canal nerve branches or combinations of two macular nerve branches were stimulated separately in different sets of experiments. Monosynaptic EPSPs evoked from the utricle or from the lagena converged with monosynaptic EPSPs from one of the three semicircular canal organs in ϳ30% of 2°VN. Utricular afferent signals converged predominantly with horizontal canal afferent signals (74%), and lagenar afferent signals converged with anterior vertical (63%) or posterior vertical (37%) but not with horizontal canal afferent signals. This convergence pattern correlates with the coactivation of particular combinations of canal and otolith organs during natural head movements. A convergence of afferent saccular and canal signals was restricted to very few 2°VN (3%). In contrast to the considerable number of 2°VN that received an afferent input from the utricle or the lagena as well as from one of the three canal nerves (ϳ30%), smaller numbers of 2°VN (14% of each type of 2°otolith or 2°canal neuron) received an afferent input from only one particular otolith organ or from only one particular semicircular canal organ. Even fewer 2°VN received an afferent input from more than one semicircular canal or from more than one otolith nerve (ϳ7% each). Among 2°VN with afferent inputs from more than one otolith nerve, an afferent saccular nerve input was particularly rare (4 -5%). The restricted convergence of afferent saccular inputs with other afferent otolith or canal inputs as well as the termination pattern of saccular afferent fibers are compatible with a substrate vibration sensitivity of this otolith organ in frog. The ascending and/or descending projections of identified 2°VN were determined by the presence of antidromic spikes. 2°VN mediating afferent utricular and/or semicircular canal nerve signals had ascending and/or descending axons. 2°VN mediating afferent lagenar or saccular nerve signals had descending but no ascending axons. The latter result is consistent with the absence of short-latency macular signals on extraocular motoneurons during vertical linear acceleration. Comparison of data from frog and cat demonstrated the presence of a similar organization pattern of maculo-and canal-ocular reflexes in both species. I N T R O D U C T I O NComponents of linear and angular head acceleration are detected separately by the different otolith and semicircular canal organs in the labyrinth. These signals are mediated in parallel pathways by afferent nerve fibers to the vestibular nuclei, the brain stem reticular formation, and the cerebellum. Afferent nerve fibers from individual semicirc...

show abstract

Section: Functional Role Of Otolith Organs In Frog and Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Canal and Otolith Afferent Input Convergence in Frog Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

Straka

Holler

Goto

2002

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The OTR appears in humans with imbalance in the direct utricular-ocular pathways in the brainstem and also in some patients with various cerebellar lesions (eg, nodulus and dentate nucleus). 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Experiments have shown that the utricular-ocular imbalance can often be overridden by altered patterns of otolith stimulation (upright-supine test) affirming the supranuclear origin of the misalignment. 21 The OTR has been attributed to the emergence of a phylogenetically old response, best appreciated in lateral-eyed animals, as in humans it has been largely superseded by mechanisms that are optimized for binocular, foveate, and frontal-eyed vision.…”

Section: Ocular Misalignment With Cerebellar Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The cerebellum in eye movement control: nystagmus, coordinate frames and disconjugacy

Patel

Zee

2014

Eye

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this review we discuss several aspects of eye movement control in which the cerebellum is thought to have a key role, but have been relatively ignored. We will focus on the mechanisms underlying certain forms of cerebellar nystagmus, as well as the contributions of the cerebellum to binocular alignment in healthy and diseased states. A contemporary review of our understanding provides a basis for directions of further inquiry to address some of the uncertainties regarding the contributions of the cerebellum to ocular motor control.

show abstract

“…In the present situation, where the LVOR is mediated by a three-neuron arc through vestibular and oculomotor nuclei following afferent input from the otolith organs, central modulation is thought to be achieved primarily by the nodular and uvular divisions of the cerebellum (1,29). The nodulus/uvula exert their influence by means of Purkinje cell inhibition on the vestibular nuclei but the strength of the influence can be modulated by retinal and eye proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum via the inferior olive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration

Todd

Bell

Paillard

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Todd NPM, Bell SL, Paillard AC, Griffin MJ. Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration. J Appl Physiol 113: 1613-1623. First published September 13, 2012 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2012In this paper we report the results of an experiment to investigate the emergence of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (OVEMPs) during the linear vestibular ocular reflex (LVOR) evoked by whole-body vibration (WBV). OVEMP and electrooculogram (EOG) montages were employed to record periocular potentials (POPs) from six subjects during WBV in the nasooccipital (NO) axis over a range of frequencies from 0.5 to 64 Hz with approximately constant peak head acceleration of 1.0 ms Ϫ2 (i.e., 0.1 g). Measurements were made in two context conditions: a fixation context to examine the effect of gaze eccentricity (0 vs. 20°), and a visual context, where a target was either head-fixed or earth-fixed. The principal results are that from 0.5 to 2 Hz POP magnitude in the earth-fixed condition is related to head displacement, so with constant acceleration at all frequencies it reduces with increasing frequency, but at frequencies greater than 2 Hz both POP magnitude and POP gain, defined as the ratio of POP magnitude at 20 and 0°, increase with increasing frequency. By exhibiting this high-pass characteristic, a property shared with the LVOR, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the OVEMP, as commonly employed in the clinical setting, is a high-frequency manifestation of the LVOR. However, we also observed low-frequency acceleration following POPs in head-fixed conditions, consistent with a low-frequency OVEMP, and found evidence of a highfrequency visual context effect, which is also consistent with the OVEMP being a manifestation of the LVOR.

show abstract

A Review of Otolith Pathways to Brainstem and Cerebellum

Cited by 138 publications

References 85 publications

Patterns of Canal and Otolith Afferent Input Convergence in Frog Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

Patterns of Canal and Otolith Afferent Input Convergence in Frog Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

The cerebellum in eye movement control: nystagmus, coordinate frames and disconjugacy

Contributions of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and the electrooculogram to periocular potentials produced by whole-body vibration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About