A review of organic waste enrichment for inducing palatability of black soldier fly larvae: Wastes to valuable resources

Abstract

The increase of annual organic wastes generated worldwide has become a major problem for many countries since the mismanagement could bring about negative effects on the environment besides, being costly for an innocuous disposal. Recently, insect larvae have been investigated to valorize organic wastes. This entomoremediation approach is rising from the ability of the insect larvae to convert organic wastes into its biomass via assimilation process as catapulted by the natural demand to complete its lifecycle. Among the insect species, black soldier fly or Hermetia illucens is widely researched since the larvae can grow in various environments while being saprophagous in nature. Even though black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can ingest various decay materials, some organic wastes such as sewage sludge or lignocellulosic wastes such as waste coconut endosperm are destitute of decent nutrients that could retard the BSFL growth. Hence, blending with nutrient-rich low-cost substrates such as palm kernel expeller, soybean curd residue, etc. is employed to fortify the nutritional contents of larval feeding substrates prior to administering to the BSFL.Alternatively, microbial fermentation can be adopted to breakdown the lignocellulosic wastes, exuding essential nutrients for growing BSFL. Upon reaching maturity, the BSFL can be harvested to serve as the protein and lipid feedstock. The larval protein can be made into insect meal for farmed animals, whilst the lipid source could be extracted and transesterified into larval biodiesel to cushion the global energy demands. Henceforth, this review presents the influence of various organic wastes introduced to feed BSFL, targeting to reduce wastes and producing biochemicals from mature larvae through entomoremediation. Modification of recalcitrant organic wastes via fermentation processes is also unveiled to ameliorate the BSFL growth. Lastly, the sustainable applications of harvested BSFL biomass are as well covered together with the immediate shortcomings that entail further researches.

The EU Training Network for Resource Recovery through Enhanced Landfill Mining—A Review

“…This LCA publication was cited with respect to the site selection for landfills [153,154] and in a study which yielded the controversial statement that "recycling metals except gold had more negative environmental impacts than mining" [155]. Further citing studies deal with environmental impacts of combustion-based energy production [156], composting on closed landfill sites [157], bioreactor landfills [158], suppression of methane generation [159], modelling of landfill gas production [160], organic waste enrichment [161]. Within NEW-MINE, LCA was also applied to compare smelting of MSWI bottom ash with the state-of-the-art mineral process-ing approach and revealed that the energy demand for smelting processes overrules, with respect to global warming, the positive effect of secondary raw material production [162].…”

Worming the Circular Economy for Biowaste and Plastics: Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio Molitor and Zophobas morio

“…While beneficial, the potential of H. illucens is not without challenges, and a summary of these are shown in Table 1.3 The economical scale of technologies [13,14,29] where the supply chains for the input of waste and distribution of extracted products and frass for various industries are still lacking. For example, the processing to animal feed and the frass to be sent to nearby farms and agricultural land may be a logistic challenge.…”

“…An upcoming solution for organic waste, the H. illucens larvae have been gaining interest worldwide as a more acceptable food waste solution and in generating valuable biomass for the circular economy [12][13][14]. As a 13-20 mm long fly in the insect family Stratiomyidae native to the Neotropics but found across all zoogeographic regions due to anthropogenic factors, H. illucens can be bred all year round in the tropics and in warmer months in colder areas [15,16].…”

Pertumbuhan Aspergillus sp Pada Media Limbah Cair Tempe Dan Air Kelapa

“…Kemampuan fungi mendegradasi aneka substrat di alam dalam kelangsungan hidupnya memiliki potensi sebagai agen yang dapat memanfaatkan limbah organik untuk sumber nutrisi (Ahuja et al, 2020;Jain and Kalamdhad, 2020;Raksasat et al, 2020;Thaha et al, 2020). Suatu limbah organik yang belum dimanfaatkan dan masih mengandung unsur-unsur nutrisi terutama N dan zat perangsang tumbuh (auxin dan sitokoni) dapat menjadi substrat untuk pertumbuhan fungi adalah limbah cair tempe dan air kelapa.…”