A review of ‘once-a-month's combined injectable contraceptives

Newton,; d’Arcangues, Catherine; Pe, Hall

doi:10.3109/01443619409027641

Cited by 57 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Breakthrough bleeding or spotting may occur, especially during the first 3 months of use, when they are more likely to produce prolonged, irregular, or heavy bleeding and amenorrhea than OCs. Also, they may be associated with a longer delay in the return of fertility, although not as prolonged as that associated with the use of progestin‐only injectables 65,66 …”

Section: New Developments In Hormonal Contraceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraception Today

Benagiano

Bastianelli

Farris

2006

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Modern contraceptive methods represent more than a technical advance: they are the instrument of a true social revolution-the "first reproductive revolution" in the history of humanity, an achievement of the second part of the 20th century, when modern, effective methods became available. Today a great diversity of techniques have been made available and-thanks to them, fertility rates have decreased from 5.1 in 1950 to 3.7 in 1990. As a consequence, the growth of human population that had more than tripled, from 1.8 to more than 6 billion in just one century, is today being brought under control. At the turn of the millennium, all over the world, more than 600 million married women are using contraception, with nearly 500 million in developing countries. Among married women, contraceptive use rose in all but two developing countries surveyed more than once since 1990. Among unmarried, sexually active women, it grew in 21 of 25 countries recently surveyed. Hormonal contraception, the best known method, first made available as a daily pill, can today be administered through seven different routes: intramuscularly, intranasally, intrauterus, intravaginally, orally, subcutaneously, and transdermally. In the field of oral contraception, new strategies include further dose reduction, the synthesis of new active molecules, and new administration schedules. A new minipill (progestin-only preparation) containing desogestrel has been recently marketed in a number of countries and is capable of consistently inhibiting ovulation in most women. New contraceptive rings to be inserted in the vagina offer a novel approach by providing a sustained release of steroids and low failure rates. The transdermal route for delivering contraceptive steroids is now established via a contraceptive patch, a spray, or a gel. The intramuscular route has also seen new products with the marketing of improved monthly injectable preparations containing an estrogen and a progestin. After the first device capable of delivering progesterone directly into the uterus was withdrawn, a new system releasing locally 20 microg evonorgestrel is today marketed in a majority of countries with excellent contraceptive and therapeutic performance. Finally, several subcutaneously implanted systems have been developed: contraceptive "rods," where the polymeric matrix is mixed with the steroid and "capsules" made of a hollow polymer tube filled with free steroid crystals. New advances have also been made in nonhormonal intrauterine contraception with the development of "frameless" devices. The HIV/AIDS pandemic forced policy makers to look for ways to protect young people from sexually transmitted diseases as well as from untimely pregnancies. This led to the development of the so-called dual protection method, involving the use of a physical barrier (condom) as well as that of a second, highly effective contraceptive method. More complex is the situation with antifertility vaccines, still at a preliminary stage of development and unlikely to be in widespread use f...

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Section: New Developments In Hormonal Contraceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraception Today

Benagiano

Bastianelli

Farris

2006

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…Furthermore, the median delay to conception following depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) use is nine to ten months after the last injection, which is a longer return to fertility than other hormonal methods, such as combination oral contraceptives (Schwallie 1974;Pardthaisong 1980). Combination (i.e., progestin and estrogen) injectable contraceptives were introduced in the 1960s to address these disadvantages and today are used in some parts of Latin America, Asia and Africa (Newton 1994). The World Health Organization (WHO) supported the development and promotion of two combination injectables.…”

Section: B a C K G R O U N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biochemical measures will not be eligible. We will assess also the references listed in review articles (Koetsawang 1994;Newton 1994;Kaunitz 2001) and in the eligible trial reports.…”

Section: Types Of Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception

Gallo¹,

Da²,

d'Arcangues³

2004

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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“…Norethisterone enanthate (50 mg) and estradiol valerate (5 mg) are the components in Mesigyna, while medroxyprogesterone acetate (25 mg) and estradiol cypionate (5 mg) are present in Cyclofem. Due to the good acceptability and high efficacy, several million women use this contraceptive modality 10…”

Section: Nonoral Hormonal Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraception Over the Age of 40

Kovács

2003

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Scientific data from the past decade have proved that the age of 35 years is not an obligatory border at which to stop taking oral contraceptives (OCs). Combined OC formulations (COCs) are safe and effective for healthy women up to the age of the menopause. The use of OCs in women who do not smoke does not result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Since the risk of thromboembolism increases with age and the level of obesity in women of 40 and over, it is wise to prescribe the lowest available dose of ethinyl-estradiol in the COCs. Some authors prefer levonorgestrel to any third-generation progestogen in COCs, but the excess risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the use of third-generation products can be balanced by the reduced risk of myocardial infarction associated with the same products. When OCs are considered for perimenopausal women, it is important to take into account progestogen-only pills. In consequence of the reduced fecundity, these have a better contraceptive efficacy in this age group than in women aged below 35 years. Their only important possible adverse effect is an unpredictable bleeding pattern; further, they do not alleviate climacteric symptoms if these are present. In such cases, progestogen-only pills can be combined with cyclic hormone replacement therapy.

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A review of ‘once-a-month's combined injectable contraceptives

Cited by 57 publications

References 69 publications

Contraception Today

Contraception Today

Combination injectable contraceptives for contraception

Oral Contraception Over the Age of 40

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