A Review of Ochratoxin A Occurrence, Condition for the Formation and Analytical Methods

Atumo, Salasib

doi:10.17352/2455-815x.000071

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

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“…As mentioned previously, the most predominant fungal species isolated from dried fruits belonging to Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. Some strains of these fungi produce a mycotoxin called ochratoxin, which has adverse effects on human and animal lives, such as nephrotoxicity and renal tumors in animals upon consumption of contaminated foods [52,53] . Therefore, extra care should be applied to protect dried fruits and other foodstuff from fungal contamination during harvesting, drying, marketing, and maintaining proper environmental moisture and temperature during storage to prevent post-harvest contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of fungal species from dried fruits in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

Mohammed,

Salih

2023

PJBAS

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Dry fruits are the best source of minerals and vitamins and are essential for human health; they are exposed to microbial contamination at any stage of growth and processing. The current study aims to investigate and identify fungi associated with dried fruit available from local markets of Sulaimani City and also detect the aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus by various methods. Forty-eight samples of dried fruits were collected; the fungi were isolated by using the dilution plate method on dicloran rose bangle chloramphenicol agar medium. The isolated fungal species identified depend on morphological characters (macroscopic and microscopic features). Cultural (ammonium vapor and UV fluorescence); and molecular methods were used to detect the potential of aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus spp. A total of (353 * 10 2 ) CFU/gm of dried fruit of fungal species were isolated, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. are the predominant species isolated, and Aspergillus parasiticus was isolated on dry fig only; All of A. parasiticus isolates were toxigenic strains as indicated by cultural and molecular methods. In addition, some species of Penicillium and Aspergillus niger also produced ochratoxin. Therefore, the implementation of hygienic conditions is necessary during the process of harvesting, desiccating, and handling dry fruits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of fungal species from dried fruits in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

Mohammed,

Salih

2023

PJBAS

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Total yeast and mold levels in high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences are influenced by genotype, environment, and pre-and post-harvest handling practices

Punja,

Ni,

Lung

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Total yeast and mold (TYM) levels in inflorescences of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa (cannabis) are regulated to ensure that medicinal and recreational users, especially those with immunocompromised systems, are not exposed to potentially harmful levels. In North America, the limits imposed range from 1,000–10,000 cfu/g of dried product to 50,000–100,000 cfu/g, depending on the jurisdiction. Factors affecting a build-up of TYM in cannabis inflorescences have not been previously researched. In this study, >2,000 fresh and dried samples were assayed for TYM over a 3-year period (2019–2022) to identify specific factors which can contribute to TYM levels. Greenhouse-grown inflorescences were sampled before and after commercial harvest, homogenized for 30 s, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 140 mg/L streptomycin sulfate. Colony-forming-units (cfu) were rated after 5 days of incubation at 23°C under 10–14 h light. PDA provided more consistent counts of cfu compared to Sabouraud dextrose and tryptic soy agars. The predominant fungal genera identified by PCR of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA were Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. In addition, four yeast genera were recovered. In total, 21 species of fungi and yeasts constituted the total cfu present in the inflorescences. The variables that significantly (p < 0.05) increased these TYM levels in inflorescences were: the genotype (strain) grown, presence of leaf litter in the greenhouse, harvesting activity by workers, genotypes with a higher abundance of stigmatic tissues and inflorescence leaves, higher temperature and relative humidity within the inflorescence microclimate, time of year (May–October), method of drying buds after harvest, and inadequate drying of buds. The variables which significantly (p < 0.05) decreased TYM in samples were: genotypes with lower numbers of inflorescence leaves, air circulation achieved by fans during inflorescence maturation, harvesting during November–April, hang-drying of entire inflorescence stems, and drying to a moisture content of 12–14% (water activity of 0.65–0.7) or lower which was inversely correlated with cfu levels. Under these conditions, the majority of dried commercial cannabis samples contained <1,000–5,000 cfu/g. Our findings indicate that TYM in cannabis inflorescences are the result of a dynamic interaction between genotype, environment, and post-harvest handling methods. Some of these factors may be altered by cannabis producers to reduce the potential build-up of these microbes. Among the 21 fungal and yeast species recovered from greenhouse-grown cannabis inflorescences, a few could pose a potential threat to human health, while many do not and they could provide beneficial interactions within the cannabis plant. The currently recommended plating methods onto agar media and enumeration of total cfu are unable to distinguish between these two groups.

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Validation of HPLC Method for the Assessment of Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Wheat Grains Sold in Major Markets in Lagos

Mahmud,

Okediran,

Kaka

et al. 2024

ejtas

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The presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in wheat grain is a serious threat to safety of wheat based foodstuff. In the present study, sixty wheat grain samples were collected from six major markets in Lagos for determination of OTA levels using HPLC-FLD utilizing acetonitrile- water-acetic acid (51:47:2 V/V/V) mixture as mobile phase. The limit of Quantitation (LOQ) was 0.47 μg/kg and the average recovery values of OTA for reference material and spiked wheat grain sample ranged from 87.68-107.09%. Twenty-four (40%) wheat grain samples were contaminated with detectable quantity of OTA ranging from 0.40-41.58μg/kg. OTA levels in five samples (20.8%) exceeded the NAFDAC and European Union (EU) permissible limit of 5.0μg/kg. The expanded uncertainty of measurement calculated signifies that the true value is within ±11.00% of the reported results at a confidence level of 95%. Considering that OTA levels in 20.8% of wheat grain samples analyzed are above the permissible limit of 5.0μg/kg, it could be seen as a serious public health threat. Therefore, continuous monitoring and tighter regulation of OTA in cereals is recommended.

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A Review of Ochratoxin A Occurrence, Condition for the Formation and Analytical Methods

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Isolation and Identification of fungal species from dried fruits in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

Isolation and Identification of fungal species from dried fruits in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

Total yeast and mold levels in high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences are influenced by genotype, environment, and pre-and post-harvest handling practices

Validation of HPLC Method for the Assessment of Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Wheat Grains Sold in Major Markets in Lagos

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