A review of non-conventional metals extracting technologies from ore and waste

Chen, Y.; Mariba, E.R.M.; Dyk, L. Van; Potgieter, J.H.

doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2010.10.001

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Concentrated sulfuric acid is an inorganic solvent, but it is not used in solvometallurgy as a solvent, but rather for ore acidification (acid curing of ores). Supercritical CO 2 could find applications in the field of nonaqueous solvent extraction and solvent leaching [75][76][77][78]. Of particular interest are the promising combinations of supercritical CO 2 with TBP-HNO 3 and supercritical CO 2 with fluorinated b-diketones as solvents for direct solid leaching [79][80][81][82][83].…”

Section: Organic Solvents For Solvometallurgy Green Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Binnemans

Jones

2017

J. Sustain. Metall.

217

187

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This position paper introduces the reader to the concept of solvometallurgy, the term used to describe the extraction of metals from ores, industrial process residues, production scrap, and urban waste using non-aqueous solutions. Here, non-aqueous is not used to imply anhydrous, but rather a low water content. The unit operations are as follows: solvent leaching; separation of the residue; purification of the leach solution by non-aqueous solvent extraction or non-aqueous ion exchange; and metal recovery by precipitation or electrolysis in non-aqueous electrolytes. Solvometallurgy is similar to hydrometallurgy in that both the branches of extractive metallurgy use lowtemperature processes, but with solvometallurgy, there is no discrete water phase. Both branches use organic or inorganic solvents (excluding water in the case of solvometallurgy). However, for solvometallurgical processes to be sustainable, they must be based on green solvents, which means that all toxic or environmentally harmful solvents must be avoided. Solvometallurgy is complementary to pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, but this new approach offers several advantages. First, the consumption of water is very limited, and so the generation of wastewater can be avoided. Second, the leaching and solvent extraction can be combined to form a single step, resulting in more simplified process flow sheets. Third, solvent leaching is often more selective than leaching with acidic aqueous solutions, leading to reduced acid consumption and fewer purification steps. Fourth, solvometallurgy is useful for the treatment of ores rich in soluble silica (e.g., eudialyte) because no silica gel is formed. In short, solvometallurgy is in a position to help develop the near-zero-waste metallurgical processes, and with levels of energy consumption that are much lower than those with the high-temperature processes. The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this emerging branch of extractive metallurgy is still low (TRL = 3-4), which is a disadvantage for short-term implementation, but offers a great opportunity for further research, development, and innovation.

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Section: Organic Solvents For Solvometallurgy Green Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Binnemans

Jones

2017

J. Sustain. Metall.

217

187

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“…CO 2 is one of the most used supercritical solvents because it has moderate critical conditions (30.9 °C and 73.8 bar), is inexpensive, environmentally acceptable, considered safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), has high diffusivity and is gaseous at room temperature and pressure (facilitating separation and recovery of the solute) [32]. Such characteristics as the high diffusivity and low viscosity of supercritical CO 2 , allow for direct extraction of solutes from the solid matrices [36]. However, its main disadvantage is the low polarity, which often makes the addition small quantities of modifiers necessary, such as methanol, which allows the extraction of polar compounds [32].…”

Section: Wherementioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching Processes

Calgaro¹,

Tanabe²,

Bertuol³

et al. 2015

Electronic Waste

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When solid materials are exposed to a liquid, some constituents will dissolve to a greater or lesser extent. The degree of dissolution of individual constituents by the contacting liquid leads to a leachate/percolate or extract composition that can be of interest for different purposes [1], such as the extraction of metals from solid waste through a suitable leachant. Leaching is a step in hydro-and electrometallurgical processes and has been also employed for the recovery of metals from waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The process may be preceded by a mechanical pretreatment of the waste (see Chap. 6) and followed by purification and metal recovery from the solution (see Chaps. 8 and 9). This chapter will discuss the different leaching solutions and conditions for WEEE processing.

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“…The growing demand of nickel and the gradual depletion of nickel sulfide has attracted extensive attention on extracting nickel from laterite nickel ore [17][18][19]. The contribution of laterite nickel ore to global nickel production has increased from less than 10% in the 1950s to over 50% today [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Characterization of Limonitic Laterite from Africa and Its Proposed Processing Route

Zhao

Shi

et al. 2020

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The mineralogical characterization and occurrence of target elements in limonitic laterite from Africa was comprehensively studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy energy spectrum (SEM-EDS), and optical microscope (OM) measurements. The results suggest that laterite ore has a complex internal structure. In the limonitic laterite, the contents of Ni, Co, and Fe are 1.14%, 0.16%, and 45.91%, respectively. The limonitic laterite mainly contains 72.2% iron oxide/oxyhydroxide, 9.37% silicate, 6.22% chlorite. Limonite, chlorite, and manganese oxide are the main nickel carrier with distribution rates of 60.98%, 22.65%, and 13.94%, respectively. Cobalt is hosted in manganese oxides and iron oxides, respectively. Additionally, Au, Pt, Pd, and Ag are also detected in the limonitic laterite. Gold, platinum, and silver are mainly found in their native metals. Palladium is mainly dispersed in the iron minerals. Furthermore, the route of rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) was selected to this limonitic laterite; the results demonstrate that comprehensive recovery efficiency of Ni, Co, Fe is high with recovery rate of 98.72%, 98.38%, 54.89%, respectively. Notably, the majority of noble metals such as Au, Pt, Pd are enriched in crude ferronickel.

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A review of non-conventional metals extracting technologies from ore and waste

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Leaching Processes

Mineralogical Characterization of Limonitic Laterite from Africa and Its Proposed Processing Route

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