A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability

Dhali, Kingshuk; Ghasemlou, Mehran; Daver, Fügen; Cass, Peter; Adhikari, Benu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145871

Cited by 247 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 273 publications

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“…It is important to highlight that the final use of the CNF is not yet explicit at this level of the study and cannot be. Nanocellulose can play a relevant role in the development of a large number of sustainable products, as pointed out in a recent review [ 25 ]. For instance, some authors tested CNF-derived materials as additives for the building sector [ 45 ] or sorbents for water treatment [ 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high interest raised by nanocellulose materials [ 25 ] for their possible role in sustainable development [ 26 ], few works have addressed the environmental aspects of their production using the LCA methodology [ 21 , 22 ] in the last decade. Indeed, a recent review that appeared in 2021 [ 27 ] listed less than 10 works focused on the LCA of nanocellulose materials [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials

et al. 2021

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Nanocellulose-based materials are attracting an increasing interest for the positive role they could play in sustainable development; being originated from renewable resources. Moreover, cellulose has a high potential of recycling from both post-consumer waste and industrial waste. Both factors, i.e., recyclability and renewable resources; results are also extremely favourable in the perspective of circular economy. Despite all these positive aspects, an industrial production has yet to start. At the lab scale, many preparation methods of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) are available; here, the three most common are analysed: (1) enzymatic pre-treatment followed by homogenisation (ENZHO), (2) oxidative pre-treatment combined with homogenisation (TOHO) or (3) oxidative pre-treatment followed by sonication (TOSO). All three processes have been experimentally carried out starting from both virgin and recycled cellulose from industrial waste sludge. The environmental sustainability of these three routes is estimated by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using experimental lab scale data. In this scenario, the comparative LCA has pointed out a superior performance of the ENZHO process, followed by TOHO and, lastly, by TOSO. The influence of energy consumption on the final results has been further investigated by a sensitivity analysis, showing that the TOHO and TOSO routes could reach similar performances by scaling-up the process from the laboratory. The different typology of CNF obtained by conducting the ENZHO process with respect to the TEMPO-mediated oxidation approach is also outlined as an additional element to be considered for the final selection of a suitable process.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials

et al. 2021

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“…Similar to cellulose, nanocellulose presents an intrinsic chemical structure with ample hydroxyl groups and a specific quantity of aldehyde together with carboxyl groups to provide superior performance. Nanocellulose exhibits considerable properties, such as large surface area, active functional groups, high mechanical strength, and high crystallinity, due to its nanostructure, providing a large variety of applications in different fields [5,28].…”

Section: Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding power supply and environmental aspects, nanocellulose is a source of recoverable energy, which is plentiful in terms of source variation and availability in nature. The advent of nanocellulose-based materials can save energy, solve environmental issues, and foster economic advances [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of nanocellulose composites in the environmental engineering: A review

Pagliaro

Ciriminna

Yusuf

et al. 2021

jcc

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Nanocellulose, the most promising bionanomaterial, is obtained either from the degradation of natural polymers or by the activity of bacteria and microorganisms. These biomaterials present various advantages, including full recyclability, biodegradability, and lack of harmful effects on the human body and environment. Furthermore, nanocelluloses are candidates to fabricate thin transparent layers, fibers, hydrogels, and aerogels due to their remarkable optical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors, including high crystallinity, Young's modulus, and porosity content. These exceptional properties present the superb potential of these materials for the device of environmentally engineered tenable products. This paper presents an outline of the contemporary nanocellulose research works as well as details and information on the nanocellulose materials, especially the synthesis process of composites, along with the areas in which these materials can be utilized, such as energy, flocculant, pollution sensors, and catalysts, to respond to the rising requests of these materials.

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“…Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth and ubiquitously found in plants, marine animals, algae, and bacteria. Because of its abundance, renewability, sustainability, and biocompatibility, cellulose has recently been highlighted for further development, thus increasing demand by customers and industry [1]. The goal for the development of the cellulose-based product is to increase crystallinity and mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The comparison of the properties of nanocellulose isolated from colonial and solitary marine tunicates

Chanthathamrongsiri

Petchsomrit

Leelakanok

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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This is the first comparative of tunicate cellulose nanocrystalline (t-CNC) from colonial and solitary tunicates. The t-CNC from the colonial tunicate Eudistoma sp. (CL1) was compared with solitary tunicates Polycarpa reniformis (CL2) and Phallusia nigra (CL3). Tunicate samples were extracted by methanol. Residues from the methanol extraction were then subjected to further cellulose purification using pre-hydrolysis, kraft-cooking, bleaching, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis to yield t-CNC. The solitary tunicates yielded higher microfibril contents after the bleaching step but obtained similar t-CNC content to the colonial one after acid hydrolysis. The isolated t-CNC were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermalgravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Both colonial and solitary tunicates yielded cellulose type I. The pure cellulose type I was successfully isolated from solitary tunicates whereas high inorganic impurities were observed in colonial tunicates. The isolate t-CNC showed high aspect ratios. The solitary and colonial tunicates provided t-CNC with crystallinity indexes over 97% and 35%, respectively. The crystalline size of t-CNCs ranged from 55-124 Å. The thermal stability of all isolated t-CNC was slightly decreased due to the sulfate functional groups gained after acid hydrolysis. We concluded that solitary tunicates were better than colonial tunicates as a source of t-CNC preparation.

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A review of nanocellulose as a new material towards environmental sustainability

Cited by 247 publications

References 273 publications

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials

Application of nanocellulose composites in the environmental engineering: A review

The comparison of the properties of nanocellulose isolated from colonial and solitary marine tunicates

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