A Review of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activity Available in Bangladesh and Mechanistic Insight Into Their Bioactive Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV

Abstract

Currently, viral infection is the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of death globally. Many viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus, human papilloma virus and so others. Furthermore, the toxicities and ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral drugs have reinforced the search of effective and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of in silico investigations. Besides, numerous in silico, in vitro, and in vivo bioassays have been demonstrated that EGCG, anolignan-A, and B, ajoene, curcumin, and oleanolic acid exhibit anti-HIV activity while piperine, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, (+)-cycloolivil-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin, EGCG, kaempferol, aloin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, andrographolide, and hesperidin possess anti-HBV activity. Thus, the antiviral medicinal plants and the isolated bioactive compounds may be considered for further advanced investigations with the aim of the development of effective and affordable antiviral drugs.

Medicinal plant sources and traditional healthcare practices of forest-dependent communities in and around Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in southeastern Bangladesh

“…Furthermore, the following medicinal plants have already been reported for the treatment and management of COVID-19 in previous studies and were found to be used for treating different ailments in CWS: Achyranthes aspera , A. sativum , A. indica , C. longa , M. oleifera , P. guajava , Z. officinale in Africa (Adeleye et al 2021 ). Adhatoda spp., A. sativum , A. indica , A. marmelos , B. ceiba , C. longa, Citurs spp., and Z. officinale (Bachar et al 2021 ) and Calotropis gigantea in Bangladesh (Dutta et al 2021 ). Allium cepa, A. sativum, A. indica, A. carambola, A. marmelos, C. asiatica, C. sativum, C. papaya, C. annuum, C. sinensis, Ficus religiosa, M. piperita, P. guajava, P. emblica, T. bellirica, Terminalia chebula, T. cordifolia, Syzygium cumini and Z. officinale in Nepal (Khadka et al 2021 ).…”

“…Considering the existing literature, such as Ahmed et al ( 2020 ), Azam et al ( 2020 ), Dutta et al ( 2021 ), Islam et al ( 2021 ), Bachar et al ( 2021 ), and Shahriar et al ( 2022 ) we identified the following 42 medicinal plant species (i.e., Adhatoda vasica , A. marmelos , Allium sativum , A. cepa , A. comosus , Andrographis paniculate , A. carambola , Azadirachta indica , Bacopa monniera , B. ceiba, Bryophyllum pinnatum , C. annuum , C. sinensis , Cassia fistula , C. asiatica , Citrus spp., Cocos nucifera , C. longa , Calotropis gigantea , Camellia sinensis , Coriandrum sativum , Elaeocarpus robustus , Eucalyptus spp., H. rosa-sinensis , Ipomoea mauritiana , Mentha piperita , Moringa oleifera, O. sanctum , P. emblica , P. granatum , Polycarpon prostratum , P. guajava , P. dactylifera, Solanum spp., S. pinnata , Swertia chirata , Syzygium spp., T. indica , Terminalia spp., Tinospora cordifolia , Zizyphus mauritiana , and Zingiber officinale ) are using by the CWS-dependent communities that could be favourably considered for the treatment of COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh.…”

“…These studies confirmed that China, South Korea and India have widely used medicinal plants for COVID-19 treatment, with several clinical practice results showing significant roles. Moreover, studies conducted in Bangladesh (e.g., Ahmed et al 2020 ; Azam et al 2020 ; Bhuiyan et al 2020 ; Bachar et al 2021 ; Dutta et al 2021 ; Islam et al 2021 ; Shahriar et al 2022 ) have reported more than 30–149 plant species that have been found useful for COVID-19 treatment as home remedies by Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients. These shreds of evidence support the effective use of these plants and their products in preventing and managing COVID-19 symptoms.…”

Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review

“…Bachar et al [ 8 ] present a review attempt that has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh, along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against the three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), and HBV (Hepatitis B virus). The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families.…”

Cytotoxicity, acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumm. & Thonn.) Taub. (Fabaceae)

“…plants as one of the most promising ones [5][6][7]. Food plants commonly used in Cameroon are endowed with very good antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, and antiviral activities due to their richness in secondary metabolites [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”