A Review of Mathematical Occupant Simulation Models

Prasad, Priya; Chou, Clifford C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2264-2_6

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Mathematical modelling of occupant kinematics during a vehicle crash was born close to 50 years ago with the advent of computers (McHenry 1963;Prasad and Chou 2002). Extensive reviews of human body computational models used to study impact biomechanics exist in the literature (Prasad and Chou 2002;Yang et al 2006;Hu 2007). One of the first finite element (FE) neck models developed was a simplified geometry 2D model to study laminectomy deformity (Saito et al 1991).…”

Section: Brief Review Of Finite Element Neck Modelsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cross-sectional neck response of a total human body FE model during simulated frontal and side automobile impacts

White

Moreno

Gayzik

et al. 2013

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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Human body finite element (FE) models are beginning to play a more prevalent role in the advancement of automotive safety. A methodology has been developed to evaluate neck response at multiple levels in a human body FE model during simulated automotive impacts. Three different impact scenarios were simulated: a frontal impact of a belted driver with airbag deployment, a frontal impact of a belted passenger without airbag deployment and an unbelted side impact sled test. Cross sections were created at each vertebral level of the cervical spine to calculate the force and moment contributions of different anatomical components of the neck. Adjacent level axial force ratios varied between 0.74 and 1.11 and adjacent level bending moment ratios between 0.55 and 1.15. The present technique is ideal for comparing neck forces and moments to existing injury threshold values, calculating injury criteria and for better understanding the biomechanical mechanisms of neck injury and load sharing during sub-injurious and injurious loading.

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Section: Brief Review Of Finite Element Neck Modelsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cross-sectional neck response of a total human body FE model during simulated frontal and side automobile impacts

White

Moreno

Gayzik

et al. 2013

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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“…In particular, the torso, lumbar spine section and pelvis are modeled as three rigid bodies, and the measure of the load in the hinge connecting the lumbar spine and the pelvis can be directly related to the load cell in the Hybrid II anthropomorphic dummy. This technique to model the anthropomorphic dummy and seat is not new: multi-body analysis was quite common in the early numerical simulations of the biomechanics of impacts because this approach is computationally cheaper than finite element, and the anthropomorphic dummy is prone to be discretized by a set of rigid bodies connected by hinges; at any rate, this technique is still in use [36][37][38] when fast computation is requested, typically in optimization problems.…”

Section: Preliminary Lumped Mass Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Numerical Models of a Rotorcraft Crashworthy Seat and Subfloor

Astori

Zanella

Bernardini³

2020

Aerospace

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The present work explores some critical aspects of the numerical modeling of a rotorcraft seat and subfloor equipped with energy-absorbing stages, which are paramount in crash landing conditions. To limit the vast complexity of the problem, a purely vertical impact is considered as a reference scenario for an assembly made of a crashworthy helicopter seat and a subfloor section, including an anthropomorphic dummy. A preliminary lumped mass model is used to drive the design of the experimental drop test. Some additional static and dynamic tests are carried out at the coupon and sub-component levels to characterize the seat cushion, the seat pan and the honeycomb elements that were introduced in the structure as energy absorbers. The subfloor section is designed and manufactured with a simplified technique, yet representative of this structural component. Eventually, a finite element model representing the full drop test was created and, together with the original lumped mass model, finally validated against the experimental test, outlining the advantage of using both the numerical techniques for design assistance.

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“…The nominal driving posture utilized in most experimental investigations is based on geometric dimensions and joint angles measured for preferred seating posture of adult drivers (Schneider et al, 1983). Accommodations for occupant size and vehicle parameters have been addressed parametrically in terms of seating position relative to interior vehicle components and joint angles (Reed et al, 2001). While a particular strength of these investigations is the number of vehicles and volunteers included in the experimental design, their goal has been to develop a nominal driving position.…”

Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While models of the human body have played a supporting role in understanding response and injury since their introduction in the 1960's (Prasad and Chou, 2002), increases in the commercial availability of software coupled with growth in the efficiency, power, memory, and storage capacity of computer hardware have resulted in relatively sophisticated models of the human body in relation to the two-dimensional constructs of forty years ago. These advances in computationally modeling have created the potential for simulations to address a wide spectrum of problems within injury biomechanics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating the road forward: the role of computational modelling in realising future opportunities in traffic safety

Crandall

2014

IJVS

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Current vehicle and restraint designs consider a relatively small percentage of the variation that exists within the population of humans and the distribution of crashes. The breadth of these variations, coupled with the added complexity of ever-changing societal trends, will not permit designs developed using conventional techniques to realize established goals for injury and fatality reduction. Within the realm of passive and integrated safety, widespread implementation of modeling into the design and evaluation process provides the only viable means of achieving significant reductions in injury and fatality. Ultimately, the versatility and efficiency of computational modeling will establish a new paradigm in which injury is described by causal mechanisms including statistical representations of population variations. While this transformational change will be guided and directed by simulation technology, it will require commensurate evolution of techniques within the fields of experimental biomechanics, crash reconstruction, and epidemiology.

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A Review of Mathematical Occupant Simulation Models

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Cross-sectional neck response of a total human body FE model during simulated frontal and side automobile impacts

Cross-sectional neck response of a total human body FE model during simulated frontal and side automobile impacts

Validation of Numerical Models of a Rotorcraft Crashworthy Seat and Subfloor

Simulating the road forward: the role of computational modelling in realising future opportunities in traffic safety

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