A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems

Kar, Narayani Prasad; Kumar, Ashwani; Singh, O. P.; Carlton, Jane M.; Nanda, Nutan

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-265

Cited by 126 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Especially in western Thailand, both parasite genetic diversity and effective population size have experienced slight increases in recent years. The large degree of population movement, rapid ecological changes and complex vector population dynamics in western Thailand are very conducive to sustained malaria transmission [81]. With a large proportion of infection linked to cross-border travel, it will be important to strengthen malaria control measures on both sides of the border.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination

Zhao

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Countries within the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) of Southeast Asia have committed to eliminating malaria by 2030. Although the malaria situation has greatly improved, malaria transmission remains at international border regions. In some areas, Plasmodium vivax has become the predominant parasite. To gain a better understanding of transmission dynamics, knowledge on the changes of P. vivax populations after the scale-up of control interventions will guide more effective targeted control efforts. Methods:This study investigated genetic diversity and population structures in 206 P. vivax clinical samples collected at two time points in two international border areas: the China-Myanmar border (CMB) (n = 50 in 2004 and n = 52 in 2016) and Thailand-Myanmar border (TMB) (n = 50 in 2012 and n = 54 in 2015). Parasites were genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers.Results: Despite intensified control efforts, genetic diversity remained high (H E = 0.66-0.86) and was not significantly different among the four populations (P > 0.05). Specifically, H E slightly decreased from 0.76 in 2004 to 0.66 in 2016 at the CMB and increased from 0.80 in 2012 to 0.86 in 2015 at the TMB. The proportions of polyclonal infections varied significantly among the four populations (P < 0.05), and showed substantial decreases from 48.0% in 2004 to 23.7 at the CMB and from 40.0% in 2012 to 30.7% in 2015 at the TMB, with corresponding decreases in the multiplicity of infection. Consistent with the continuous decline of malaria incidence in the GMS over time, there were also increases in multilocus linkage disequilibrium, suggesting more fragmented and increasingly inbred parasite populations. There were considerable genetic differentiation and sub-division among the four tested populations. Temporal genetic differentiation was observed at each site (F ST = 0.081 at the CMB and F ST = 0.133 at the TMB). Various degrees of clustering were evident between the older parasite samples collected in 2004 at the CMB and the 2016 CMB and 2012 TMB populations, suggesting some of these parasites had shared ancestry. In contrast, the 2015 TMB population was genetically distinctive, which may reflect a process of population replacement. Whereas the effective population size © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article' s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article' (N e ) at the CMB showed a decrease from 4979 in 2004 to 3052 in 2016 with the infinite allele model, the N e at the TMB experienced an increase from 6289 to 10,259. Conclusions:With enhanced contr...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination

Zhao

et al. 2020

Malar J

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“…Vegetations near human settlements increase the population of malaria vectors and thus transmission of malaria. Kar [36] in their study; a review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystem illustrated that forests serve as beds for malaria transmission as they provide favorable conditions such as vegetation cover, temperature, rainfall, and humidity for malaria transmission. In Cameroon, most rural settlements and villages are located within forest areas and prevention campaigns should be extended to such areas with malaria clusters and hotspots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-area spatial statistical analysis of malaria clusters and hotspots in Cameroon;2000–2015

et al. 2018

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BackgroundMalaria prevalence in Cameroon is a major public health problem both at the regional and urban-rural geographic scale. In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million confirmed cases, and 18,738 cases were reported in health facilities and communities respectively, with about 8000 estimated deaths. Several studies have estimated malaria prevalence in Cameroon using the analytical techniques at the regional scale. We aimed at identifying malaria clusters and hotspots at the urban-rural geographic scale from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for households between 2000 and 2015 using ArcGIS for intervention programs.MethodsTo identify malaria hotspots and analyze the pattern of distribution, we used the optimized hotspots toolset and spatial autocorrelation respectively in ArcGIS 10.3 for desktop. We also used Pearson’s Correlation analysis to identify associative environmental factors using the R-software 3.4.1.ResultsThe spatial distribution of malaria showed statistically significant clustered pattern for the year 2000 and 2015 with Moran’s indexes 0.126 (P < 0.001) and 0.187 (P < 0.001) respectively. Meanwhile, the years 2005 and 2010 with Moran’s indexes 0.001 (P = 0.488) and 0.002 (P = 0.318) respectively, had a random malaria distribution pattern. There exist varying degrees of malaria clusters and statistically significant hotspots in the urban-rural areas of the 12 administrative regions. Malaria cases were associated with population density and some environmental covariates; rainfall, enhanced vegetation index and composite lights (P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study identified urban-rural areas with high and low malaria clusters and hotspots. Our maps can be used as supportive tools for effective malaria control and elimination, and investments in malaria programs and research, malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment, surveillance, should pay more attention to urban-rural geographic scale.

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“…The results agrees with findings of Owusu Agyei and others (18) who reported that malaria transmission in the forest-savanna region of central (forest) area of Ghana is high. Forest areas provide the conditions needed for production and survival of anopheles mosquitos, the vector for malaria parasites (19) . The thicker vegetation, hotter temperature, and more rainfall in the forest belt than the coastal belt, promoted faster production and distribution of mosquitos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing Surroundings and Self-reported Cases of Malaria in two Communities in Central Region of Ghana

Ampomah

Afriyie

2017

IAM

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Malaria remains a major health problem in Ghana. Mosquito breeding sites play significant role in malaria infection and transmission, but studies in this area are scanty in Ghana. This study assesses the association between housing surroundings with mosquito breeding sites and self-reported cases of malaria in two communities in Central Region of Ghana. In a cross-sectional study, 319 representatives of households in two communities in Central Region of Ghana provided information on self-reported malaria cases, use of ITN and some demographic characteristics. The surroundings of houses were also inspected for presence of mosquito breeding sites. Using chi square test, variables were compared between the two communities and with logistic regression analyses, the factors associated with selfreported malaria was assessed. Prevalence of self-reported malaria was 23.2%. More than half (58.6%) of the houses had surroundings that could serve a breeding sties for mosquitoes. Educational level and community were independently associated with self-reported cases of malaria. By multivariate analyses the community in the forest belt (OR=2.894; 95% CI: 1.672 -5,010; P=0.000) remained significantly associated with self-reported malaria. Prevalence of self-reported malaria was high in the region, with the community in the forest belt having higher malaria prevalence than the community in the coastal belt. The proportion of housing surroundings with potential breeding sites for mosquito was high. The fight against malaria could intensify efforts that improve behaviors for avoiding of mosquito bites and keeping housing surroundings clean.

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A review of malaria transmission dynamics in forest ecosystems

Cited by 126 publications

References 129 publications

Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination

Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination

Small-area spatial statistical analysis of malaria clusters and hotspots in Cameroon;2000–2015

Housing Surroundings and Self-reported Cases of Malaria in two Communities in Central Region of Ghana

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