A Review of Laboratory and Numerical Simulations of Hydrocarbons Migration in Subsurface Environments

Laboratory simulation of LNAPL spills and remediation in unsaturated porous media using the image analysis technique: A review

“…Photon-attenuation methods such as gamma and X-ray techniques are often used to measure the fluid content accurately. However, the recent nondestructive and nonintrusive technique of saturation imaging (i.e., the photographic method) is gaining popularity for measuring the fluid content due to the disadvantages of other techniques, such as slow measurement times, small simultaneous coverage regions at one time, hazards associated with high energy sources, and demanding experiments [4][5][6]9]. This technique normally incorporates the light reflection method (LRM) or the light transmission method (LTM) with the IAT to produce a highly reliable saturation imaging technique for characterizing and analyzing NAPL migration in 2-D aquifer models.…”

“…Finally, without measurement of liquid pressures and saturations, especially by using the saturation imaging technique, data acquisition would be impossible. Flow behavior experiments are divided into qualitative and quantitative infiltration and redistribution experiments, with and without numerical modeling, are divided into DNAPL and LNAPL experiments [3][4]. Since this review concerns only LNAPL flow behavior experiments, we highlight the dimension of flow cell, LNAPL source and porous media condition from twenty research papers as shown in Table I.…”

“…These reviews have provided comprehensive discussion concerning 2-D laboratory-scale research without emphasizing the numerical simulation exercises and visualization of results. Recently, researchers [4] have introduced the methodology for two-dimensional LNAPL experiments using the image analysis technique (IAT). The paper also emphasized the experiments with numerical simulations in which data acquisition is essential for verification and validation of numerical models.…”

“…Placement of a digital ca Basic lens at another side of curtain amera through a slit of black curtain[4]. g steps given by McNeil et al[48] that om Schincariol et al[49].…”

Experimental Study on Hydrocarbon Liquids Migration in Double-Porosity Medium Using Digital Image Analysis

“…Furthermore, laboratory prepared double-porosity kaolin soil for one-dimensional drying and consolidation experiments was performed by Bagherieh et al [9]. Recently, the physical experiments on double-porosity soil have begun to increase and researchers such as (Sa'ari et al [10]; Loke et al [11]; Tran-Ngoc et al [12]; Kamaruddin et al [13]; Alazaiza et al [14]; and Ngien et al [15]) have…”