A review of iron carbonate (FeCO3) formation in the oil and gas industry

Barker, Richard; Burkle, D.; Charpentier, Thibaut; Thompson, H. M.; Neville, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2018.07.021

Cited by 147 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…4). Under static conditions, the buildup of abiotic and biotic corrosion products, particularly siderite is more easily achieved than under flowing conditions (Barker et al, 2018). According to Eq.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). Several factors, including salinity, pH, temperature and pressure, will affect K sp , limiting the formation of the stable crystallized structure of siderite (Joshi, 2015;Barker et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under abiotic CO 2 -rich environments, i.e., oil and gas pipelines, semi-conductive magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and chukanovite (Fe 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 ) could also be formed (Joshi, 2015;Barker et al, 2018), due to the inability of siderite reaching the supersaturation level. In the presence of brine solutions, additional minerals such as MgCO 3 and CaCO 3 are possible corrosion products (Barker et al, 2018;in 't Zandt et al, 2019) and changing the state of the siderite crystal structure. Furthermore, many of the isolated corrosive MA are marine microorganisms that require a salinity of 0.6 M eq of NaCl for growth, at this salinity the K sp would decrease resulting in an increased siderite solubility (Barker et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the presence of brine solutions, additional minerals such as MgCO 3 and CaCO 3 are possible corrosion products (Barker et al, 2018;in 't Zandt et al, 2019) and changing the state of the siderite crystal structure. Furthermore, many of the isolated corrosive MA are marine microorganisms that require a salinity of 0.6 M eq of NaCl for growth, at this salinity the K sp would decrease resulting in an increased siderite solubility (Barker et al, 2018). However, all experiments reporting on MA corrosion were conducted in stationary laboratory-controlled settings, this allowed an undisturbed formation of siderite and are unrepresentative of natural conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

Kleinbub

Özcan

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Currently, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is regarded as the main culprit of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), mainly due to the low reported corrosion rates of other microorganisms. For example, the highest reported corrosion rate for methanogens is 0.065 mm/yr. However, by investigating methanogen-induced microbiologically influenced corrosion (Mi-MIC) using an in-house developed versatile multiport flow test column, extremely high corrosion rates were observed. We analyzed a large set of carbon steel beads, which were sectionally embedded into the test columns as substrates for iron-utilizing methanogen Methanobacterium IM1. After 14 days of operation using glass beads as fillers for section separation, the highest average corrosion rate of Methanobacterium IM1 was 0.2 mm/yr, which doubled that of Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis 16109 investigated at the same conditions. At the most corroded region, nearly 80% of the beads lost 1% of their initial weight (fast-corrosion), resulting in an average corrosion rate of 0.2 mm/yr for Methanobacterium IM1-treated columns. When sand was used as filler material to mimic sediment conditions, average corrosion rates for Methanobacterium IM1 increased to 0.3 mm/yr (maximum 0.52 mm/yr) with over 83% of the beads having corrosion rates above 0.3 mm/yr. Scanning electron images of metal coupons extracted from the column showed methanogenic cells were clustered close to the metal surface. Methanobacterium IM1 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen with higher affinity to metal than H 2 . Unlike SRB, Methanobacterium IM1 is not restricted to the availability of sulfate concentration in the environment. Thus, the use of the multiport flow column provided a new insight on the corrosion potential of methanogens, particularly in dynamic conditions, that offers new opportunities for monitoring and development of mitigation strategies. Overall, this study shows (1) under certain conditions methanogenic archaea can cause higher corrosion than SRB, (2) specific quantifications, i.e., maximum, average, and minimum corrosion rates can be determined, and (3) that spatial statistical evaluations of MIC can be carried out.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

Kleinbub

Özcan

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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“…There is a decrease in the free energy of the system caused by dissolution when Q < K SP . An alternative metric which is sometimes used is the saturation index, S, defined as simply the ratio of Q to K SP (Barker et al, 2018). Similarly, when S<1, dissolution is favorable.…”

Section: Metal-rich Primer Performance Attributes Chemical Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Modern Assessment Methods for Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Primers for Substrate Corrosion Protection

et al. 2019

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Pigmented coatings developed for the corrosion protection of engineering alloys have been successful in the field of corrosion control, and thus are ubiquitous in application. Supporting this success are an array of methods to diagnostically assess these systems and measure their state of degradation. These methods assist the development of next generation coatings, in-service evaluation, and post-mortem analysis of performance. This review comprehensively explores these modern assessment methods, used to screen candidate corrosion prevention pigments, assess pigment protection efficiency, quantify overall pigment effectiveness, and/or predict coating service lifetime. Coating service life assessment is conducted based on the class of coating considered, as categorized by (1) chemical inhibition, (2) galvanic protection, (3) high impedance ion barrier, or a combination of these protection mechanisms. Exciting new in-situ and operando methods are growing in use to enable high fidelity measurement of chemical inhibitor release and deposition, such as micro and in-situ Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), to name a few. In the galvanic protection coating class, service life and the state of coating performance are now being quantified through methods such as galvanostatic pulse and accelerated cycle testing. Galvanic throwing power is assessed by scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), multi-electrode array (MEA), and scanning kelvin probe (SKP). The performance of high impedance ion barrier coatings has traditionally been understood through use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and equivalent circuit modeling, which have been applied to all coating classes. Finite element analysis (FEA) models the combined effects of coating resistance, water layer thickness, and pigment potential on galvanic coupling and/or inhibitor species release as well. The development of effective corrosion prevention pigments and the in-service evaluation of their efficiency/effectiveness demands a broad collection of techniques. These methods now include new advances in thermodynamic modeling via chemical stability diagrams to McMahon et al. Assessment Methods for Metal-Rich Primer Performance assess pigment function in specific conditions, in-situ pH measurement, as well as energy dispersive (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analyses to determine elemental distribution and corrosion product formation. These techniques and more are explored in this review to document the state-of-the-art in the field.

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Effect of Alkali‐ and Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Promoters on Silica‐Supported Co−Fe Alloy for Autocatalytic CO₂ Fixation

Song,

Beyazay,

Tüysüz

2024

Angewandte Chemie

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Hydrothermal vents harbor numerous microbial communities rich in reduced carbon species such as formate, acetate, and hydrocarbons. Such essential chemicals for life are produced by H2‐dependent CO2 reduction, where serpentinization provides continuous H2 and thermal energy. Here, we show that silica‐supported bimetallic Co‐Fe alloys, naturally occurring minerals around serpentinite, can convert CO2 and H2O to key metabolic intermediates of the acetyl coenzyme A pathway such as formate (up to 72 mM), acetate, and pyruvate under mild hydrothermal vent conditions. Long‐chain hydrocarbons up to C6 including propene are also detected, just as in the Lost City hydrothermal field. The effects of promoters on structural properties and catalytic functionalities of the Co‐Fe alloy are systematically investigated by incorporating a series of alkali and alkaline earth metals including Na, Mg, K, and Ca. Alkali‐ and alkaline‐earth‐metals resulted in higher formate concentrations when dissolved in water and increased reaction pH, while alkaline earth metals also favored the formation of insoluble hydroxides and carbonates similar to the constituent minerals of the chimneys at the Lost City hydrothermal fields.

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A review of iron carbonate (FeCO3) formation in the oil and gas industry

Cited by 147 publications

References 115 publications

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

A Review of Modern Assessment Methods for Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Primers for Substrate Corrosion Protection

Effect of Alkali‐ and Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Promoters on Silica‐Supported Co−Fe Alloy for Autocatalytic CO₂ Fixation

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A review of iron carbonate (FeCO3) formation in the oil and gas industry

Cited by 147 publications

References 115 publications

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

Iron to Gas: Versatile Multiport Flow-Column Revealed Extremely High Corrosion Potential by Methanogen-Induced Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (Mi-MIC)

A Review of Modern Assessment Methods for Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Primers for Substrate Corrosion Protection

Effect of Alkali‐ and Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Promoters on Silica‐Supported Co−Fe Alloy for Autocatalytic CO2 Fixation

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Product

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Effect of Alkali‐ and Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal Promoters on Silica‐Supported Co−Fe Alloy for Autocatalytic CO₂ Fixation