A review of in vitro methods to assess the biological activity of tobacco smoke with the aim of reducing the toxicity of smoke

Andreoli, Cristina; Gigante, Daniela; Nunziata, Alfredo

doi:10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00091-2

Cited by 94 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Procedures specifically adapted to tobacco smoke (including smoke preparation and data analysis) for performing the neutral red assay, the Ames assay and the micronucleus assay on tobacco smoke were developed and described by the Task Force. The conclusions reached by ANDREOLI et al (212) in their review of toxicological in vitro methods for the assessment of the biological activity of tobacco smoke are very much in line with those of the CORESTA TASK FORCE report (211). They recommended the neutral red uptake assay as cytotoxicity test, and the Ames Salmonella and micronucleus assays for measuring genotoxicity.…”

Section: Toxicity Testing In Vitro and In Vivosupporting

confidence: 61%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Section: Toxicity Testing In Vitro and In Vivosupporting

confidence: 61%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…The development of a sound rationale and meaningful methods for the in vitro toxicological assessment of tobacco smoke (fractions) was stimulated by increased concern over the biological effects of certain smoke constituents and the need, recognized by cigarette manufacturers, to design products with potentially reduced risk for human health. In 2003, ANDREOLI et al (428) reviewed the in vitro methods in use for the toxicological evaluation of tobacco smoke and proposed a tiered approach following the guidelines of regulatory agencies, specifically the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Council for Harmonization (ICH), which is active in Europe, Japan and the United States and works towards achieving greater harmonization in the interpretation and application of technical guidelines and requirements for pharmaceutical product registration (429). The essential components of the test battery, proposed by the authors (428), included the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay for examining cytotoxicity, the Ames assay for assessing mutagenicity, and the micronucleus assay for identifying chromosome damage not detected by the Ames assay.…”

Section: In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2003, ANDREOLI et al (428) reviewed the in vitro methods in use for the toxicological evaluation of tobacco smoke and proposed a tiered approach following the guidelines of regulatory agencies, specifically the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Council for Harmonization (ICH), which is active in Europe, Japan and the United States and works towards achieving greater harmonization in the interpretation and application of technical guidelines and requirements for pharmaceutical product registration (429). The essential components of the test battery, proposed by the authors (428), included the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay for examining cytotoxicity, the Ames assay for assessing mutagenicity, and the micronucleus assay for identifying chromosome damage not detected by the Ames assay. A systematic review of the literature published (essentially) after 1980 to evaluate in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco was released in 2009 by JOHNSON et al (430).…”

Section: In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Klus¹,

Boenke-Nimphius²,

Müller

2016

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years -from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes. Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses. The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time -some for very specific purposes -and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

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“…Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 chemicals, of which >200 chemicals are toxic to humans and >50 of them are recognized as known or probable human carcinogens [115,116]. Tobacco smoking is a major public health problem that threatens the lives of one billion people and tobacco use is estimated to kill more than five-million people worldwide each year [117].…”

Section: Gene Expression and Toxicogenomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicogenomics and Cancer Susceptibility: Advances with Next-Generation Sequencing

Mei

Hong

et al. 2014

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

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The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the recent achievements in the field of toxicogenomics and cancer research regarding genetic-environmental interactions in carcinogenesis and detection of genetic aberrations in cancer genomes by next-generation sequencing technology. Cancer is primarily a genetic disease in which genetic factors and environmental stimuli interact to cause genetic and epigenetic aberrations in human cells. Mutations in the germline act as either high-penetrance alleles that strongly increase the risk of cancer development, or as low-penetrance alleles that mildly change an individual's susceptibility to cancer. Somatic mutations, resulting from either DNA damage induced by exposure to environmental mutagens or from spontaneous errors in DNA replication or repair are involved in the development or progression of the cancer. Induced or spontaneous changes in the epigenome may also drive carcinogenesis. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology provide us opportunities to accurately, economically, and rapidly identify genetic variants, somatic mutations, gene expression profiles, and epigenetic alterations with single-base resolution. Whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing of paired cancer and adjacent normal tissue present a comprehensive picture of the cancer genome. These new findings should benefit public health by providing insights in understanding cancer biology, and in improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.

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A review of in vitro methods to assess the biological activity of tobacco smoke with the aim of reducing the toxicity of smoke

Cited by 94 publications

References 51 publications

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Toxicogenomics and Cancer Susceptibility: Advances with Next-Generation Sequencing

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