A Review of Immune System Components, Cytokines, and Immunostimulants in Cultured Finfish Species

Bruce, Timothy J.; Brown, Michael L.

doi:10.4236/ojas.2017.73021

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…The high content of β-glucans in C. muelleri was also reported by Størseth et al (2004). β-glucans are increasingly used as immunostimulants in aquafeed because of their ability to be incorporated directly into aquafeeds and to enhance the immune system in finfish (Bruce and Brown 2017).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources

et al. 2021

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Marine microalgae are a promising sustainable source of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Selected microalgae species belonging to the Bacillariophyceae, Haptophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Prasinophyceae were characterised for cellular content of carbon and nitrogen, and for production yields of lipids, fatty acids, total carbohydrates, and β-glucans. Carbon and nitrogen content showed a hyperbolic decrease with increasing cell numbers for Chaetoceros calcitrans, C. muelleri, Skeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis sp., and Nannochloropsis oculata. Cultures of Pavlova lutheri and Tisochrysis lutea showed an increase in carbon content per cell, but a decrease in nitrogen content. The total lipid content of C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, N. oculata, and T. lutea increased with decreasing relative growth rate; however, the highest productivity of lipids was found in T. lutea grown at 40% of the maximum specific growth rate. The highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid was found in C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, and N. oculata, and the highest content of docosahexaenoic acid was found in T. lutea. The β-glucan fraction of the carbohydrates was highest in C. muelleri and C. calcitrans and was very low in N. oculata. Out of the species investigated, C. muelleri had the highest production yield of β-glucans, obtained when cultivated at a 40% relative growth rate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources

et al. 2021

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“…The implication of fish skin mucus in the immune response and disease resistance has been well documented during the last decades, in addition to its involvement in respiration, ionic and osmotic regulation, excretion, reproduction and locomotion [2][3][4][5]. Fish skin mucus was demonstrated to be a source for numerous immune-related components such as lysozymes, phosphatases, esterases, proteolytic enzymes, complement factors, lectins, immunoglobulins, C-reactive proteins, and lymphocytes [2,6,7]. Additionally, an antibacterial effect of fish skin mucus was reported in several species [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workflow for the Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Small Metabolites in Fish Skin Mucus

Ivanova

Tartor

Grove

et al. 2018

Fishes

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The skin mucus of fish is in permanent contact with the aquatic environment. Data from the analysis of the chemical composition of skin mucus could potentially be used for monitoring the health status of the fish. Knowledge about mucus composition or change in composition over time could also contribute to understanding the aetiology of certain diseases. The objective of the present study was the development of a workflow for non-invasive sampling of skin mucus from farmed salmon (Salmo salar) for the targeted and untargeted detection of small metabolites. Skin mucus was either scraped off, wiped off using medical wipes, or the mucus' water phase was absorbed using the same type of medical wipes that was used for the wiping method. Following a simple filtration step, the obtained mucus samples were subjected to hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Post-acquisition processing included the targeted analysis of 86 small metabolites, of which up to 60 were detected in absorbed mucus. Untargeted analysis of the mucus samples from equally treated salmon revealed that the total variation of the metabolome was lowest in absorbed mucus and highest in the scraped mucus. Thus, future studies including small-molecule metabolomics of skin mucus in fish would benefit from a sampling regime employing absorption of the water phase in order to minimize the bias related to the sampling step. Furthermore, the absorption method is also a less invasive approach allowing for repetitive sampling within short time intervals.

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“…Cytokines, which are small glycoprotein messengers, help in intercellular communication to support adaptive and innate immune responses against parasites, bacteria, and viruses (Bruce and Brown, 2017). Kotzamanis et al (2007) stated that bioactive peptides with antibacterial and immunostimulating properties are produced during the procedure of hydrolysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lower Fishmeal With Hydrolyzed Fish Protein Powder on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Development of Juvenile Pearl Gentian Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ and Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

Hlordzi¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The effect of hydrolyzed fish protein powder (HFP) on the growth, intestinal development, gene mRNA expression, and enzyme activity in the intestine and liver of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ and Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) was assessed after an 8-week feeding trial. Seven isonitrogenous (50%) and isolipidic (9%) diets were fed to hybrid grouper with 0% (CT), 1% (H1), 1.5% (H2), 2% (H3), 2.5% (H4), 3% (H5), and 4% (H6) HFP. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) was observed in all the groups. The crude protein content in the H6 group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Intestinal lipase and trypsin activity were significantly higher in H3 and H5 groups (p < 0.05). In the serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in H5 and H6 groups, while malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was lower (p < 0.05) compared to other treatments. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and target of rapamycin (TOR) mRNA expression levels in the intestine and muscle were significantly higher in the H2 group and H1 group (p < 0.05), respectively. The most abundant intestinal bacteria found at the genus level are Acinetobacter, Vibrio, and Flavobacteriaceae. The villus was significantly longer in hybrid grouper fed with different levels of HFP compared to the control, and fish in the H2 group had thicker intestinal muscle compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of HFP to the low fishmeal (FM) diets of juvenile grouper improved the intestinal development and increased the levels of intestinal digestive enzymes.

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A Review of Immune System Components, Cytokines, and Immunostimulants in Cultured Finfish Species

Cited by 27 publications

References 82 publications

Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources

Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources

Workflow for the Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Small Metabolites in Fish Skin Mucus

Effects of Lower Fishmeal With Hydrolyzed Fish Protein Powder on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Development of Juvenile Pearl Gentian Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ and Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

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