A review of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> removal by granular media filtration

Emelko, Monica B.; Huck, Peter M.; Coffey, Bradley M.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07544.x

Cited by 45 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Finally, evaluation of process performance at drinking water treatment facilities can be used to understand Cryptosporidium filtration at a larger scale. A thorough review of such studies completed at the pilot and full-plant scale was recently presented by Emelko et al (Emelko et al, 2005). Their work emphasizes the need to better understand the effects of various operating conditions on the removal of oocysts in different treatment schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale Cryptosporidium/sand interactions in water treatment

et al. 2006

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Owing to its widespread occurrence in drinking water supplies and its significant resistance to environmental stresses, Cryptosporidium parvum is regarded as one of the most important waterborne microbial parasites. Accordingly, a substantial research effort has been aimed at elucidating the physical, chemical and biological factors controlling the transport and removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts in natural subsurface environments and drinking water treatment facilities. In this review, a multiscale approach is taken to discuss the current state-of-knowledge on Cryptosporidium-sand interactions at a nano-scale,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale Cryptosporidium/sand interactions in water treatment

et al. 2006

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“…However, due to the high analytical costs involved, monitoring for C. parvum in treated water is not routinely performed. Traditionally, water turbidity has been used as a performance measure for C. parvum removal from water supplies, but turbidity does not correlate well with the presence of C. parvum (12). Clostridium perfringens, which is included in the European Drinking Water Directive (13), is a potential surrogate for C. parvum due to its low inactivation rate (14), even though Clostridium perfringens is five times smaller and may have different filtration characteristics.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Stevenson

Blaschke

Toze

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Members of the genus Cryptosporidium are waterborne protozoa of great health concern. Many studies have attempted to find appropriate surrogates for assessing Cryptosporidium filtration removal in porous media. In this study, we evaluated the filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in granular limestone medium by the use of biotin-and glycoprotein-coated carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (CPMs) as surrogates. Column experiments were carried out with core material taken from a managed aquifer recharge site in Adelaide, Australia. For the experiments with injection of a single type of particle, we observed the total removal of the oocysts and glycoprotein-coated CPMs, a 4.6-to 6.3-log 10 reduction of biotin-coated CPMs, and a 2.6-log 10 reduction of unmodified CPMs. When two different types of particles were simultaneously injected, glycoprotein-coated CPMs showed a 5.3-log 10 reduction, while the uncoated CPMs displayed a 3.7-log 10 reduction, probably due to particle-particle interactions. Our results confirm that glycoprotein-coated CPMs are the most accurate surrogates for C. parvum; biotin-coated CPMs are slightly more conservative, while unmodified CPMs are markedly overly conservative for predicting C. parvum removal in granular limestone medium. The total removal of C. parvum observed in our study suggests that granular limestone medium is very effective for the filtration removal of C. parvum and could potentially be used for the pretreatment of drinking water and aquifer storage recovery of recycled water. W aterborne cryptosporidiosis is mainly caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in humans (1). Cryptosporidium can be found in water contaminated with infected human or animal feces and has a low infectious dose, and ingestion of less than 10 oocysts can lead to infection (2). Cryptosporidium oocysts are sometimes detected in drinking water supplies (3) and in potable groundwater (4), causing disease outbreaks. For example, in the 1993 cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Milwaukee, WI, USA, about 400,000 people were infected and more than 100 people died after contamination of drinking water by C. parvum (5). More recently, a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Ö stersund, Sweden, which infected 27,000 people in 2010, was caused by C. hominis (6).C. parvum can survive in surface water and groundwater for a long period of time (7) and is resistant to chemical disinfection, like chlorination (8) and ozonation (9), due to its thick oocyst wall. UV irradiation with low-and medium-pressure lamps has been found to be effective at inactivating C. parvum (10). However, the efficacy of UV irradiation as well as that of chemical disinfection is hampered by turbidity in the water. Thus, filtration is often used as an essential primary step for drinking water treatment in the course of a multibarrier treatment system because it is effective and cost-efficient.Because it is extremely infectious and highly resistant to chlorination, testing for C. parvum is often used in risk analysis of drin...

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“…Its removal through the process of filtration indicates the removal of suspended particles, including protozoan (oo) cysts 18 . This parameter presented the best results, with only 0.8% of municipalities with results out of the normal standards.…”

Section: ▄ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of the drinking water quality din the Legal Amazon: analysis of vulnerable areas

et al. 2016

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Low quality drinking water has been directly correlated to the occurrence of waterborne illnesses in northern Brazil. To minimize health risks related to the water supply, the Ministry of Health has proposed the implementation of the National Program for the Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality (VIGIAGUA) in Brazilian municipalities. Focusing on the Legal Amazon region, the present study demonstrates a historical account of the percentage of municipalities included in the VIGIAGUA program in place, which in 2013 reached 45.1% of the region municipalities. This study also identifies vulnerable areas in terms of the water quality in the states of Amapá, Amazonas and Maranhão. With this analysis of the current status of the drinking water supply, this study intends to support and direct the strategic efforts of environmental health monitoring in the region.

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A review of Cryptosporidium removal by granular media filtration

Cited by 45 publications

References 46 publications

Multi-scale Cryptosporidium/sand interactions in water treatment

Multi-scale Cryptosporidium/sand interactions in water treatment

Biotin- and Glycoprotein-Coated Microspheres as Surrogates for Studying Filtration Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in a Granular Limestone Aquifer Medium

Surveillance of the drinking water quality din the Legal Amazon: analysis of vulnerable areas

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