A review of hydrofluoric acid and its use in the car wash industry

Genuino, Homer C.; Opembe, Naftali N.; Njagi, Eric C.; McClain, Skye; Suib, Steven L.

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2012.03.001

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Surfactant was found in greater concentration (as MBAS) at Station 3 more than Station 1 due to the uses of greater nozzles hoses of foams that were applied during washing cars which yielded more foams containing surfactant. Historically, most car wash cleaning products based on detergents, containing mild alkalis [6]. However, as the global car wash industries grew, there had also been improvement on the ingredients compounds of the surfactants used to make cars more clean and shines forced more chemicals being used as the ingredients, resulting greater amount of pollutants being washed away during cleaning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutants Characterization of Car Wash Wastewater

Hashim

Zayadi

2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The huge quantity of water consumed per car during washing cars yields the untreated effluents discharged to the stormwater system. Wastewater samples from snow car wash and two full hand service car wash station were analyzed for pH and the presence of PO4 3-,TP, O&G, alkalinity, TSS, NO3 -, NO2 -, COD and surfactant in accordance Standard Method of Water and Wastewater 2012. Two full hand wash service stations and one station of snow foam service were investigated in this study. Amongst the stations, snow foam car wash station indicates the highest concentration of PO4 3-, TP, O&G, TSS, COD and surfactant with the average value of 10.18 ± 0.87 mg/L, 30.93 ± 0.31 mg/L , 85.00 ± 0.64 mg/L 325.0 ± 0.6 mg/L, 485.0 ± 0.3 mg/L and 54.00 ± 2.50 mg/L as MBAS, respectively. Whereas, in parameters characterization in different stages throughout the car wash process, O&G was found to be the highest in pre soak stage, PO4 3-, TP, TSS and COD in washing stage and NO3 -and NO2 -in rinse stage. All parameters were compared to Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009. There is a strong need to study on the characterization of car wash water in order to suggest the suitable treatment need for this type of wastewater.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutants Characterization of Car Wash Wastewater

Hashim

Zayadi

2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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“…Hydrofluoric acid is the inorganic acid hydrogen fluoride. Industrially, hydrofluoric acid is used to etch silica-based materials, clean metal surfaces before electroplating, and etch silicon wafers in electronic semiconductor materials [47][48][49][50] . Concentrations of 4%-10% hydrofluoric acid are typically used in the dental clinic and dental laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental zirconia can be etched by hydrofluoric acid

et al. 2014

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The surface morphology and crystal structure change of dental zirconia after hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching were evaluated. Four groups of sintered zirconia specimens were 1) control group, 2) immersion in 9.5%HF at 25 o C for 1, 2, 3, or 24 h, 3) immersion in 9.5%HF at 80o C for 1, 3, 5, or 30 min and 4) immersion in 48%HF at 25 o C for 30 or 60 min. The specimens were evaluated under SEM and XRD. The SEM analysis revealed changes in surface topography for all the HF-etched zirconia specimens. The irregularities surface increased with increasingly longer immersion times and higher etching solution temperatures. The XRD analysis of the HFetched zirconia specimens revealed the presence of a crystalline monoclinic phase along with a tetragonal form. It was concluded HF can etch dental zirconia ceramic, creating micro-morphological changes. Tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation was induced on the etched zirconia surface.

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“…6 This mineral is the raw material in the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride (HF), the most important fluorine compound, with an annual production of 1 million t. 9 Hydrogen fluoride is produced by reacting acid-grade fluorite (≥ 97 wt.% CaF 2 and ≤ 1.5 wt.% SiO 2 ) with concentrated sulfuric acid or oleum. 10 Calcium sulfate and anhydrous gaseous hydrogen fluoride are formed according to reaction 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,13 The main use of HF is in the manufacture of fluorocarbons, such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluorochlorocarbons and fluoropolymers (e.g. Teflon ® ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Other uses include: as paraffin alkylation catalyst in the production of high octane fuels; obtainment of uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ), which is the chemical species involved in the uranium enrichment process, and removal of surface oxides from stainless steel. 10,14 At present, all HF used by industries in Brazil is imported. The only HF and AlF 3 manufacturing plant in Brazil (and also in South America) was closed down in 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Cryolite From Pitinga (Amazonas-Brazil) as a Source of Hydrogen Fluoride

Paulino¹,

Neumann²,

Afonso³

2016

Química Nova

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This paper reports the use of cryolite from the Pitinga Mine (Amazonas state, Brazil) as raw material in hydrogen fluoride production. Samples were initially characterized by chemical and mineralogical analyses. They presented low silica content (< 4 wt.%). After milling, cryolite samples were digested with concentrated sulfuric acid under stirring (200 rpm) and variable temperature, time and liquid to solid ratio conditions. Under the best experimental conditions (140 °C, 3-5 h), 96 wt.% of fluorine was recovered as hydrogen fluoride. The application of a 2 3 full factorial design showed that temperature and reaction time were relevant parameters during leaching, whereas liquid to solid ratio was not statistically significant.

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A review of hydrofluoric acid and its use in the car wash industry

Cited by 33 publications

References 73 publications

Pollutants Characterization of Car Wash Wastewater

Pollutants Characterization of Car Wash Wastewater

Dental zirconia can be etched by hydrofluoric acid

Evaluation of Cryolite From Pitinga (Amazonas-Brazil) as a Source of Hydrogen Fluoride

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