A review of HVAC solution-sets and energy performace of nearly zero-energy multi-story apartment buildings in Nordic climates by statistical analysis of environmental performance certificates and literature review

Gibbons, Laurence; Javed, Saqib

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121709

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…DR of DHW systems is more practical both for new systems and retrofitting of existing systems. DHW represents an increasing share of the total energy use in low-energy Norwegian apartment buildings [59]. A study of existing HWSTs used for DHW in Norway showed that they are dimensioned with a large margin of safety [60] offering good flexibility potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing the Economic Viability of Implicit Demand Response Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Hot Water Tanks

Gibbons

Javed

2022

Energies

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Demand-responsive control of electrically heated hot water storage tanks (HWSTs) is one solution, already present in the building stock, to stabilise volatile energy networks and markets. This has been put into sharp focus with the current energy crisis in Europe due to reduced access to natural gas. Furthermore, increasing proportions of intermittent renewable energy will likely add to this volatility. However, the adoption of demand response (DR) by consumers is highly dependent on the economic benefit. This study assesses the economic potential of DR of centralised HWSTs through both an analysis of spot price data and an optimisation algorithm approximating DR control. The methods are applied to a case study apartment building in Norway using current pricing models and examine the effect of the demand profile, electricity prices, heating power and storage capacity on energy cost and energy flexibility. Unit cost savings from DR are closely linked to the variation in unit energy price during the optimisation period. Increasing the storage capacity or the heating power increases the flexibility with a diminishing rate of return. However, increasing storage capacity does not result in cost savings as additional heat losses are greater than the saving from shifting demand, except for during highly volatile electricity price periods. Changing the minimum setpoint temperature improves the cost curve as a greater thermal storage capacity can be achieved without increasing heat loss. Systems utilising a smaller heating power are more economical due to the dominant role of the monthly price related to the peak energy demand of the system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing the Economic Viability of Implicit Demand Response Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Hot Water Tanks

Gibbons

Javed

2022

Energies

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“…The process of building operations encompasses the surveillance of energy systems, consistent maintenance, and modifying the structure to ensure it aligns with net-zero carbon emission goals. Previous research has pinpointed numerous energy-saving techniques, especially in the deployment of systems like solar photovoltaic, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (Elnozahy et al 2015, Khan et al 2017, Vakalis et al 2021, Gibbons and Javed 2022. Timely maintenance and repairs are essential for extending service life and optimizing energy performance (Cellura et al 2014, Grigoropoulos et al 2016, Dong et al 2021, Jiang et al 2022.…”

Section: Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net zero emission buildings: a review of academic literature and national roadmaps

Þórólfsdóttir,

Árnadóttir,

Heinonen

2023

Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain.

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Addressing the growing issue of climate change demands active measures. With its significant carbon footprint, the building industry needs to make immediate efforts contributing to achieving the Paris Agreement’s objective of restricting global warming to 1.5 °C. This review focuses on net zero emission buildings (NZEBs) which are claimed to offer a viable option to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the built environment. The review covers both the recent academic literature on NZEBs, and the NZEB roadmaps from the member organizations of the World Green Building Council, focusing on those Green Building Councils actively working to implement NZEBs in their local contexts. By synthesizing a broad range of viewpoints and practices derived from academic literature and roadmaps, this review provides a holistic overview of the different perspectives to the current state of NZEBs and to their future. The review shows that NZEBs have the potential to provide significant environmental, economic, and social advantages, improving the built environment’s overall sustainability. The review also promotes a more thorough understanding over NZEBs that can facilitate collaborative policymaking and action amongst stakeholders.

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“…Unfortunately, as it was stressed and quantified in various studies (see [16,19], and references quoted therein), the differences in calculation methodology among the countries are still remarkable. The different primary energy factors that are nationally adopted do critically affect the refurbishment solutions that are necessary to fulfil the EPBD requirements [20].…”

Section: Literature Review and Research Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Performance Certificate Classes Rating Methods Tested with Data: How Does the Application of Minimum Energy Performance Standards to Worst-Performing Buildings Affect Renovation Rates, Costs, Emissions, Energy Consumption?

Ferrantelli

Kurnitski

2022

Energies

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Energy renovations of the building stock are a paramount objective of the European Union (EU) to combat climate change. A tool for renovation progress monitoring is energy performance certificate (EPC) labelling. The present study tested the effect of different EPC label classifications on a national database, which comprises ~25,000 EPC values from apartment buildings, detached houses, office buildings, and educational, commercial, and service buildings. Analysing the EPC classes labelling resulting from four different EU methods, we estimated the annual renovation rates, costs, energy savings, and CO2 emissions reduction that would affect the national building stock if each of them was adopted, to fulfil the European Climate Target Plan by the year 2033. The ISO 52003-1:2017 two-point and one-point methods determined a very uneven distribution of renovation rates, from 0.45% to ~9%. Conversely, the Directive 15% recently proposed in COM/2021/802 with uniform rates determined smaller differences and standard deviation, not pushing renovations above 3.70%, namely a rate that once fine-tuned can stimulate realistic, yet effective renovation campaigns. The major differences in renovation rates provided by the studied methods show the need for a harmonized strategy such as the Directive proposal to enable achievement of European targets.

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A review of HVAC solution-sets and energy performace of nearly zero-energy multi-story apartment buildings in Nordic climates by statistical analysis of environmental performance certificates and literature review

Cited by 27 publications

References 57 publications

Analysing the Economic Viability of Implicit Demand Response Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Hot Water Tanks

Analysing the Economic Viability of Implicit Demand Response Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Hot Water Tanks

Net zero emission buildings: a review of academic literature and national roadmaps

Energy Performance Certificate Classes Rating Methods Tested with Data: How Does the Application of Minimum Energy Performance Standards to Worst-Performing Buildings Affect Renovation Rates, Costs, Emissions, Energy Consumption?

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