A Review of Health Issues Related to Child Labor and Violence Within Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining

Schwartz, Franklin W.; Lee, Sangsuk; Darrah, Thomas H.

doi:10.1029/2020gh000326

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Potential health problems include influenza A ( 2 , 10 ) , malaria ( 2 , 4 , 10 ) , beri beri ( 2 , 10 - 11 ) , leishmaniasis ( 2 ) , syphilis ( 2 , 10 ) and other infections. Furthermore, problems can be magnified by the combination of remote locations and lack of health services, which often prevent timely treatments ( 12 ) . When entering women’s health, current knowledge is limited ( 13 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women who live in mining on the French-Brazilian border: daily challenges

et al. 2022

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Objectives: to describe the daily life of Brazilian women who work in mining. Methods: a descriptive, qualitative study, with analysis based on the theory of Symbolic Interactionism. Non-participant observations, field diary writing, sociodemographic form, non-directive interviews, recorded and transcribed in full, were carried out with 19 women who work in mining areas on the French-Brazilian Amazon border. Results: two categories emerged: Life trajectories: women’s work in mining; Woman, mother and prospector: the multiple facets of gender inequality on the Amazon border. Final Considerations: assessing the daily experiences of women in the Amazonian mines allowed identifying their health needs, evidencing the need to direct and implement public and social policies and health practices for comprehensive care of these women’s health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women who live in mining on the French-Brazilian border: daily challenges

et al. 2022

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“…Though, even if no child labor occurs at the industrial mine site that is certified, it can be present in the mine's supply chain [9], especially considering the material flow mixing described above. The same applies to forced labor [69].…”

Section: Considering Mine Site Certification In Essenz+mentioning

confidence: 92%

Enhancement of the ESSENZ Method and Application in a Case Study on Batteries

et al. 2022

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With a growing awareness of the impact of resource exploitation, issues such as mine site certification and recyclate use in products come to the fore. These aspects are incorporated into the ESSENZ method which assesses resource criticality. Moreover, the method is enhanced by addressing further shortcomings and considering the SCARCE method. The resultant so-called ESSENZ+ method is tested in a case study on batteries involving a data update concerning the characterization factors of eight raw materials. The comparison of the results, using the original ESSENZ versus the updated ESSENZ+ characterization factors, shows significant changes regarding the demand growth (an increase of four times due to the inclusion of future trends) and price fluctuations (an increase of fourteen times due to a data update). The impact of the introduction of the aspects of mine site certification and recyclate use are examined via sensitivity analyses showing a reduced supply risk, yet to different extents in the different categories. A comparison of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) batteries with different NMC ratios shows a decreasing supply risk per kWh, along with technological advancement, due to lower material requirements and smaller cobalt shares. ESSENZ+ enables users to include relevant developments in their assessment such as increasing mine site certifications and recyclate use.

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“…Therefore, the subprinciple of dignity implies that AI systems should be designed so that their development and use do not threaten integrity. For example, using AI systems whose components contain raw materials for extraction involves forcing children to work in artisanal mining (see Schwartz et al 2021); this violates-even indirectly-the subprinciple of dignity because those children are treated as objects, not as human subjects (e.g., HLEG AI 2019: 10).…”

Section: Respect For Human Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking priorities in AI ethics guidelines in today’s era of humanity under threat

Rajaonah¹,

Zio²

2022

Preprint

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This paper does not call into question the existing ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, but suggests rethinking their priorities in today’s era of humanity under threat. In December 2020, the United Nations’ Secretary General described the anthropogenic degradation of the planet, claiming that “the planet is broken.” Adopting the approach of disaster risk reduction, we assert that the ongoing destruction of the planet is a disaster, which leads us to think in terms of resilience. We have examined existing works on ethical guidelines for AI through the lens of philosophy, namely, the imperative of responsibility toward the distant future of nature, including humanity, and an ethics of care articulated around maintenance, continuance and repairs. We have identified five ethical principles: respect for nature, respect for human rights, AI usefulness, AI transparency, and AI trustworthiness, which are explained through 19 subprinciples. We conclude with the difficulty of being concretely nature-friendly in today’s era of humanity under threat.

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A Review of Health Issues Related to Child Labor and Violence Within Artisanal and Small‐Scale Mining

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Women who live in mining on the French-Brazilian border: daily challenges

Women who live in mining on the French-Brazilian border: daily challenges

Enhancement of the ESSENZ Method and Application in a Case Study on Batteries

Rethinking priorities in AI ethics guidelines in today’s era of humanity under threat

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