A review of Hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species

Walsh, Gerald E.; Bowers, Ralph L.

doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1971.tb00757.x

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Such differences were considered by Muirhead (1989) not to be valid specific characters. Zoanthus coppingeri was described as Z. mantoni by Ryland and Muirhead (1993) and probably also includes Z. pacificus (Walsh and Bowers, 1971). In contrast, the status of Zoanthus vietnamensis is clear, as it shows fixed gene differences at seven loci in comparisons with other Zoanthus samples and is morphologically distinct.…”

Section: Species On the Great Barrier Reefmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Of the four families within Zoanthidea, the Zoanthidae are the most ubiquitous and important group on the Great Barrier Reef, and hence the most in need of revision. Sixty species of Zoanthidae are described from the central Indo-west Pacific (Walsh and Bowers 1971) but the true number is unknown. At least 25 are described or reported from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions of northeast Australia (Hertwig 1882(Hertwig , 1888Haddon and Shackleton 1891;Saville-Kent 1893;Wilsmore 1909;Carlgren 1937;Ryland and Muirhead 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species

et al. 1997

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Section: Species On the Great Barrier Reefmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species

et al. 1997

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“…In Kāneʻohe Bay, Oʻahu, municipal wastewater input at multiple sites caused a shift in benthic community structure during the early 1970’s from corals to filter feeders such as zoanthids, sponges, and barnacles [29, 33, 80]. In the southern part of Kāneʻohe Bay, extensive and persistent beds of zoanthids replaced scleractinian corals on shallow patch and fringing reefs in the 1960s [81]. Although more research is necessary to determine if a link between the Kahului WRF and the adjacent zoanthids exists, the results of these previous studies suggest injected wastewater effluent may support their growth and dominance in Kahului Bay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Marine Water Quality and Reef Biota of Maui

et al. 2016

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Generally unseen and infrequently measured, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can transport potentially large loads of nutrients and other land-based contaminants to coastal ecosystems. To examine this linkage we employed algal bioassays, benthic community analysis, and geochemical methods to examine water quality and community parameters of nearshore reefs adjacent to a variety of potential, land-based nutrient sources on Maui. Three common reef algae, Acanthophora spicifera, Hypnea musciformis, and Ulva spp. were collected and/or deployed at six locations with SGD. Algal tissue nitrogen (N) parameters (δ15N, N %, and C:N) were compared with nutrient and δ15N-nitrate values of coastal groundwater and nearshore surface water at all locations. Benthic community composition was estimated for ten 10-m transects per location. Reefs adjacent to sugarcane farms had the greatest abundance of macroalgae, low species diversity, and the highest concentrations of N in algal tissues, coastal groundwater, and marine surface waters compared to locations with low anthropogenic impact. Based on δ15N values of algal tissues, we estimate ca. 0.31 km2 of Kahului Bay is impacted by effluent injected underground at the Kahului Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF); this region is barren of corals and almost entirely dominated by colonial zoanthids. Significant correlations among parameters of algal tissue N with adjacent surface and coastal groundwater N indicate that these bioassays provided a useful measure of nutrient source and loading. A conceptual model that uses Ulva spp. tissue δ15N and N % to identify potential N source(s) and relative N loading is proposed for Hawaiʻi. These results indicate that SGD can be a significant transport pathway for land-based nutrients with important biogeochemical and ecological implications in tropical, oceanic islands.

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“…of Sphenopus asides from the lack of colonial form and lack of attachment are the same as for Palythoa . In fact, there are some Palythoa species that have somewhat similar ecological features to Sphenopus , such as Palythoa psammophilia Walsh & Bowers, 1971, which inhabits sandy areas with its polyps partially buried (Walsh and Bowers 1971). Other examples are the two new azooxanthellate species in this study with polyps often found in solitary form.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan

Irei¹,

Sinniger²,

Reimer³

2015

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Two new species of zoantharians (Hexacorallia, Zoantharia, Sphenopidae), Palythoa mizigama sp. n. and Palythoa umbrosa sp. n., are described from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. Unlike almost all other known Palythoa spp., both species are azooxanthellate and inhabit low-light environments such as floors or sides of caves, crevasses, or hollows of shallow coral reefs. The two species were initially considered to be the same species from their similar habitat environments and highly similar morphological features. However, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA, mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA, and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences revealed that these two species have a genetically distant relationship within the genus Palythoa. Morphological characteristics, including polyp size, tentacle number, external/internal coloration, and types and sizes of cnidae were examined in this study. As a result, only tentacle coloration was found to be useful for the morphological distinction between the two species. Palythoa mizigama possesses white tentacles with black horizontal stripes while Palythoa umbrosa possesses white tentacles without any stripe patterns. Considering their distant phylogenetic relationship, it can be assumed that their unique yet similar morphological and ecological characteristics developed independently in each species as an example of parallel evolution.

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A review of Hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species

Cited by 45 publications

References 6 publications

Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species

Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species

Impact of Submarine Groundwater Discharge on Marine Water Quality and Reef Biota of Maui

Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan

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