A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects

Zhu, Jun; Hu, Kaiyong; Lu, Xinli; Huang, Xiaoxue; Liu, Ketao; Wu, Xiujie

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.098

Cited by 326 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…According to the report of the World Geothermal Conference in 2010 and 2015 [42,43], geothermal direct use is shown in Table 4. The sum of geothermal heating area reached 6.03 × Geothermal energy was widely used in textile, wood, agriculture drying industries as well as in mineral water production [44]. In 2014, the total installed capacity of agricultural drying and industrial process heat reached 95 and 169 MWt, equivalent to annual energy utilization of 1198 and 3304 TJ, respectively.…”

Section: Geothermal Utilization Of Geothermal Energymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…From 2010 to 2014, a total of US$97 million has supported the projects of survey and assessment of geothermal resources in China from the Ministry of Land and Resources. It would find shallow geothermal energy and conventional geothermal energy resources and it included a preliminary study for hot dry rock resources [44]. However, the total investments in the geothermal industry from the public funds are smaller than those from private enterprises.…”

Section: Fiscal Policies Affecting On Geothermal Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China

Jiang

Lei

et al. 2016

Energies

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Abstract:Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy which is gaining importance as an alternative to hydrocarbons. Geothermal energy reserves in China are enormous and it has a huge potential for exploitation and utilization. However, the development of the geothermal industry in China lags far behind other renewable energy sources because of the lack of fiscal and taxation policy support. In this paper, we adopt the system dynamics method and use the causal loop diagram to explore the development mechanism of fiscal and taxation policies in the geothermal industry. The effect of the fiscal and taxation policy on the development of the geothermal industry is analyzed. In order to promote sustainable development of the geothermal industry in China, the government should pay more attention to subsidies for the geothermal industry in the life-cycle stage of the geothermal industry. Furthermore, a plan is necessary to provide a reasonable system of fiscal and taxation policies.

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Section: Geothermal Utilization Of Geothermal Energymentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Fiscal Policies Affecting On Geothermal Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China

Jiang

Lei

et al. 2016

Energies

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“…If we could utilize and recycle this part of the energy, it will not only solve the energy problem of our country, but also reduce the environmental pollution in the process of energy production. Based on the status of low waste heat utilization [2][3], energy recycling technology in fluid-low temperature has become a research focus increasingly in the related fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of waste heat steam SRC, ORC and S-ORC power generation systems in medium-low temperature

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Applied Thermal Engineering

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For Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC), Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) andSteam-Organic Rankine Cycle (S-ORC) power systems, in this paper, mathematical models are developed to explore the feasibility that combines the fluid-low temperature (150-350 C) waste heat steam and low-boiling point organic working fluids for power generation. Using the numerical models, we calculate and compare thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, operation pressure, generating capacity, etc. of three power systems, namely SRC, ORC and S-ORC under the same heat source conditions. The results show that under the condition of 150-210 C heat source, ORC has the highest thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and power generation; while at 210-350 C, the performance of the S-ORC has a distinct advantage. Its thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are higher than those of the SRC and ORC power systems. HIGHLIGHTSSRC, ORC and S-ORC three kinds of power systems are computed and compared under the condition of the same heat source.  For low enthalpy heat, ORC is more efficient than SRC in recovering the latent heat of condensation of steam.  S-ORC power generation system has a better matching of heat source temperature. The ORC is optimal under the condition of 150 C to 210 C, while S-ORC has obvious advantages under the condition of 210 C to 350 C.

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“…In the United States, the average thermal power density of ground-source heat pumps is 40 W t /m 2 for horizontal closed loops buried just 1 to 2 m deep and 100 W t /m 2 for boreholes at least 150 m deep (16). Ground-source heat pumps for heating and cooling in Chinese urban buildings could reduce energy consumption by 10 to 15% in civil buildings and 25 to 30% in public buildings (26). Groundsource heat pumps could also meet the heating demands of 58 to 70% of buildings in Westminster, London, and, if a well-organized district heating system was used, all heating demands could be satisfied throughout the urban area (27).…”

Section: Geothermal Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

City-integrated renewable energy for urban sustainability

Kammen

Sunter

2016

Science

522

186

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To prepare for an urban influx of 2.5 billion people by 2050, it is critical to create cities that are lowcarbon, resilient, and livable. Cities not only contribute to global climate change by emitting the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases but also are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme weather. We explore options for establishing sustainable energy systems by reducing energy consumption, particularly in the buildings and transportation sectors, and providing robust, decentralized, and renewable energy sources. Through technical advancements in power density, city-integrated renewable energy will be better suited to satisfy the high-energy demands of growing urban areas. Several economic, technical, behavioral, and political challenges need to be overcome for innovation to improve urban sustainability.S ince 2007, a greater percentage of the global population has been living in urban areas than in rural areas. Increased urbanization is expected to continue, with two-thirds of the world's population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, a net urban influx of 2.5 billion people (1). Cities today are generally not equipped to address dramatic urban growth and strain on existing infrastructure in a sustainable way, especially with respect to their energy systems.To be sustainable, cities must themselves, or in the resources that they command, become lowcarbon, resilient, and livable (2). Although there can be considerable variation in methods for evaluating the emissions footprint of cities (3), with 54% of the population living in urban areas, it is estimated that cities are currently responsible for 60 to 70% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (4). The two main strategies for transitioning to a low-carbon city are to shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources and to reduce urban energy consumption levels. The low-carbon transition can be accomplished through energyefficiency measures, behavioral interventions, and incorporating carbon sinks such as urban parks. Cities and their energy systems should also be resilient to natural and human-made threats (2). The energy systems of cities are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme weather, including storms, flooding, and sea-level rise, and also to natural and humaninduced disasters. In addition, urban energy systems directly affect the well-being and happiness of urban inhabitants. Health conditions, economic competitiveness, cultural appeal, and social, gender, and racial equality are influenced by high-energy sectors such as transportation, food production, and water quality.Here we evaluate some of the more promising recent technological advancements that could help urban areas become sustainable cities. Many opportunities exist, but focusing on city-integrated renewable energy-defined as distributed, nonfossil fuel energy generated locally in urban areas-has the potential to help cities meet several sustainability needs. Many of these renewable sources increase regional ener...

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A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects

Cited by 326 publications

References 49 publications

Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China

Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China

Comparative study of waste heat steam SRC, ORC and S-ORC power generation systems in medium-low temperature

City-integrated renewable energy for urban sustainability

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