A Review of genetic improvement mechanisms of maize (Zea mays L.) in breeding for nitrogen use efficiency

Abstract

Maize is the third most prominent crop grown next to wheat and rice globally while extensively affected by stresses; critically abiotic factors like drought and soil acidity are the robust effect. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an imperative trait in maize to enhance yield with marginal contribution of nitrogen fertilizer. In this review, it has been tried to extant the current progress and the coming projections enlightening the NUE in maize by various mechanisms, especially through conventional breeding and molecular genetics. Of any kind, N fertilizer is amplified the understanding of the appliances prevailing maize N economy is indispensible for refining NUE and plummeting extreme use of fertilizer, whereas retaining an adequate yield and satisfactory income for agrarians. Consuming crops cultivated under managed environments, with various cultivation practices, independently or supplementary principles at minimum and great N inorganic mineral fertilizer expenditure or other organic fertilizer, it is currently conceivable to grow advance the entire maize agronomic and biological revisions. These can be shared with inheritable factor, protein and metabolic sketching to construct a widespread image showing the diverse paces of N acceptance, absorption and recovering to produce either in vegetative biomass or seed protein storage structures. Therefore providing a serious impression in what manner our empathetic of the agro-eco physiological, biological and molecular mechanisms of N adjustment in maize, at different ecological circumstances, has been enhanced. At the movement enduring sustainability is required at maize growing world to limit the application of synthetic N input and avoiding excessive environmental pollution. The knowledge and prospects of the future development and submission for breeding in maize improved at the deprived mineral fertilizer input.