A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties

Liu, Fengchao; Hovanski, Yuri; Miles, Michael; Sorensen, Carl D.; Nelson, Tracy W.

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2017.10.024

Cited by 181 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The application space for FSW will be greatly expanded when it can be widely used in the joining of materials with a higher melting point, e.g., steels and titanium alloys. Whereas a long-term operation for jointing at high softening temperatures, FSW tools undergo severe plastic deformation and even collapse at high temperatures above 900 • C [1,2], which can cause significant negative impacts on the jointing quality [3]. Therefore, tool materials should offer desirable comprehensive properties at elevated temperatures, including excellent high-temperature toughness, high microstructure stability and outstanding wear resistance [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the W-25%Re alloy has been synthesized and become the candidate material that can be processed as a tool for the FSW of steels [6]. However, the wear rate of tools made by W-25%Re is still high and will quickly degrade [1]. Meanwhile, W-25%Re tools have been reluctantly used for several years due to the high contents of Re and the rather expensive cost of Re [1,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the wear rate of tools made by W-25%Re is still high and will quickly degrade [1]. Meanwhile, W-25%Re tools have been reluctantly used for several years due to the high contents of Re and the rather expensive cost of Re [1,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Minor fractions of hafnium carbide (HfC), utilizing the synergy of solute element and oxide/carbide dispersions, have been added to fabricate W-Re-HfC alloys for FSW tools in order to improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability [1,4]. HfC addition improves high-temperature strength but sacrifices the toughness of tools, causing intergranular fracture after FSW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability and Microstructures of W-Re-ZrC Alloys Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering

Miao¹,

Xie

Lin³

et al. 2020

Metals

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Tungsten materials, used as friction stir welding tools, undergo severe plastic deformation and even collapse at high operating temperatures. In order to improve the low-temperature toughness and high-temperature strength, W-10wt.%Re-0.5wt.%ZrC alloys were processed by high-energy ball milling and subsequent spark plasma sintering. Single solid-solution W-Re powders with typical body-centered cubic structures were achieved when the milling time increases to 50 h. The microhardness, tensile properties, thermal stability and microstructures of this sintered W-10wt.%Re-0.5wt.%ZrC alloys were investigated. Synergetic effects of the solute Re and nanosized dispersion particles induce improvements in low-temperature toughness and high-temperature strength. The alloy suffers ductile fracture at 300 °C, which is about 400 °C and 300 °C lower than that of the spark plasma sintered pure W and W-0.5wt.%ZrC, respectively. Besides, this W-10wt.%Re-0.5wt.%ZrC has a high ultimate tensile strength of 818 MPa and uniform elongation of ~ 8.1% at 300 °C. Moreover, the microstructures and hardness remain stable even after 1500 °C anneal. Based on a detailed microstructure analysis, the mechanisms for the enhanced strength, low-temperature ductility and high thermal stability are proposed and discussed. Grain boundary mobility is impeded by the kinetics constraint through dispersed particles pinning and solute Re atoms dragging, which leads to improved thermal stability. The formation of Zr-C-O particles is most probably attributed to ZrC particles capturing and interacting with impurity oxygen during sintering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability and Microstructures of W-Re-ZrC Alloys Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering

Miao¹,

Xie

Lin³

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…Therefore, important research on welding technology is being conducted. As widely spread conventional fusion welding processes are no longer an effective solution for joining some materials and material combinations, the most explored research issue has been the optimization of nonconventional welding processes, such as friction stir welding [1,2], ultrasonic welding [3,4], diffusion welding [5,6], magnetic pulse welding [7,8], laser welding, etc. Laser welding presents excellent characteristics, specifically, its accuracy and high-power density, enabling the production of very localized welds, with minimal distortion and with a residual heat-affected zone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on the Evolution of Laser Welding of Vascular and Nervous Tissues

2019

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Laser welding presents a core position in the health sector. This process has had an outstanding impact on the surgical procedures from many medical areas, such as on vascular and nervous surgeries. The aim of the present research is to present an overview on the evolution of laser welding of vascular and nervous tissues. These surgeries present many advantages, such as an absence of foreign-body reactions and aneurysms and good tensile strengths. However, despite the sutureless nature of the process, complementary sutures have been applied to support the procedure success. An important concern in vascular and nervous laser welding is the thermal damage. The development of temperature-controlled feedback systems has reduced this concern with a very precise control of the laser parameters. The bonding strength of vascular and nerve laser welds can be enhanced with the application of solder solutions, bonding materials, and laser-activated dyes. Alternative techniques to laser welding, such as photochemical tissue bonding and electrosurgical high-frequency technologies, have also been tested for vascular and nervous repairs.

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