A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains an important pathogen of livestock more than 120 years after it was identified, with annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at €5.3–€17 billion (US$6.5–US$21 billion) in FMDV-endemic areas. Control and eradication are difficult because FMDV is highly contagious, genetically and antigenically diverse, infectious for a wide variety of species, able to establish subclinical carriers in ruminants, and widely geographically distributed. For early detection, sustained control, or eradication, sensitive and specific FMDV surveillance procedures compatible with high through-put testing platforms are required. At present, surveillance relies on the detection of FMDV-specific antibody or virus, most commonly in individual animal serum, vesicular fluid, or epithelial specimens. However, FMDV or antibody are also detectable in other body secretions and specimens, e.g., buccal and nasal secretions, respiratory exhalations (aerosols), mammary secretions, urine, feces, and environmental samples. These alternative specimens offer non-invasive diagnostic alternatives to individual animal sampling and the potential for more efficient, responsive, and cost-effective surveillance. Herein we review FMDV testing methods for contemporary and alternative diagnostic specimens and their application to FMDV surveillance in livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, and goats).

The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects

“…In fact, the virus occurs as seven genetically and antigenically distinct serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1 and Southern African Territories (SAT) 1-3; and within each serotype, multiple subtypes have been reported [80]. On the whole, disease control underlies annual costs from production losses and vaccination estimated at US$6.5-US$21 billion in FMD-endemic areas of the world [81].…”

Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production

“…A very infectious and contagious disease of cloven-hoofed mammals caused by FMDV has seven serotypes (O, A. Asia-1, C and SAT-1, 2, 3) and each serotype has different variants (Jamal and Belsham, 2013;Poonsuk et al, 2018). The disease is characterized by high fever, lameness, formation of blister on mucosa of mouth, tongue, teats, and hoof.…”

Global Phosphoproteomics Analysis of IBRS-2 Cells Infected With Senecavirus A

“…The first report of SVA infection in China was in 2015 (Zhu et al, 2017b). Other important members of Picornaviridae, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and swine vesicular disease virus, have received much attention, especially their pathogenic mechanisms (Fu et al, 2019) and detection and prevention technologies (Senthilkumaran et al, 2017;Poonsuk et al, 2018). Although SVA is advancing through clinical trials due to its oncolytic and detection properties (Reddy et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2019), little is known about how host cells respond to SVA infection.…”