A review of foliar absorption and translocation of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T

Richardson, R. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00477.x

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…There are surprisingly few reports in the literature about the effects of different adjuvants on the foliar uptake of 2,4-D or any of its salts and derivatives (see review by Richardson, 1977). Sharma & Vanden Born (1970) found that addition of 1% 'Atlox 210' (a non-ionic surfactant blend of unspecified composition) caused substantial increases in the penetration of the dimethylamine salt and ethyl ester of the herbicide into Populus tremuloides leaves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of formulation with different adjuvants on foliar uptake of difenzoquat and 2,4‐D: model experiments with wild oat and field bean

Holloway

Edgerton

1992

Weed Research

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Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung The effect of different adjuvants on the foliar uptake of difenzoquat methyl sulfate and sodium 2,4‐D was studied in wild oat and field bean plants growing under controlled environmental conditions. The 14C‐herbicides were applied to leaves as c. 0–2‐μl droplets, usually containing 0.5 g 1−1 active ingredient, plus adjuvants in the range 0.05–5 g 1−1. The addition of non‐ionic polyoxyethylene surfactants to solutions of both herbicides could induce considerable foliar uptake. Aliphatic C13C13 alcohol surfactants generally improved uptake more than nonylphenol surfactants when used at equivalent concentrations and ethylene oxide (EO) contents. The surfactant threshold for enhancement of difenzoquat uptake in wild oat was very low (0.05 g 1−1), whilst that in field bean was much higher (>0.5 g 1−1). For 2,4‐D, surfactants at >0–5 g 1−1 were needed to produce substantial increases in its uptake into both species. Although surfactants of low EO content (5–6) were less efficient at promoting difenzoquat uptake than those of higher EO content (10–20), particularly in wild oat, there was little dependence on surfactant EO content for enhancement of 2,4‐D uptake. Adjuvants with humectant properties also promoted penetration of difenzoquat, but less so than alcohol or nonylphenol surfactants. For formulations of both 14C‐herbicides translocation was directly related to the quantity of radiolabel that had penetrated the leaf tissue. Effets de la formulation avec différents adjuvants sur l'absorption foliaire du difenzoquat et du 2,4‐D: modeles experimentaux sur la folle avoine et le haricot L'influence de differents adjuvants sur l'absorption foliaire du difenzoquat methyl sulfate et du 2,4 D sodium a eétéétudiée chez la folle avoine et le haricot, cultivés sous des conditions environnementales contrôlées. Les herbicides marquees au 14C ont ete appliquées aux feuilles sous forme de gouttelettes de 0,2 μl contenant 0,5 g 1−1 de matière active, avec en plus des adjuvants de 0,05 à 5 g −1. L'adjonction de surfactants polyoxyethylénes non ioniques aux solutions des deux herbicides pourrait induire un absorption foliaire importante. Les surfactants d'alcools aliphatiques C13/C15 ont généralement augmenté la pénétration mieux que les surfactants de type nonylphénol utilises à une concentration équivalente et que les oxydes d'éthylènes (EO). Le seuil de surfactant pour l'amélioration de l'absorption de difenzoquat sur folle avoine était très bas (0,05 g 1−1) tandis que sur haricot, il était beaucoup plus éievé (> 0,5 g 1−1). Pour le 2,4 D, des surfactants à une dose de >0,5 g 1−1 sont nécessaires pour produire une amelioration de son absorption chez les deux espéces. Bien que les surfactants à faible teneur en EO (5–6) fussent moins efficace pour favoriser l'absorption du difenzoquat que ceux a forte teneur (10–20), spécialement pour la folle avoine, il y avait une petite dépendance sur la teneur en EO pour l'amélioration de l'absorption du 2,4 D. Les adjuvants avec des propriétés d'humectation ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of formulation with different adjuvants on foliar uptake of difenzoquat and 2,4‐D: model experiments with wild oat and field bean

Holloway

Edgerton

1992

Weed Research

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“…The improved control in 2003 was probably due to higher air temperatures 24 to 72 h after application (Fig. 1), as absorption and translocation of broadleaf herbicides increase with temperature (8).…”

Section: December Ground Ivy Covermentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbicide Selection and Application Timing in the Fall Affects Control of Ground Ivy

Reicher

Weisenberger

2007

Applied Turfgrass Science

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Specific timing of fall applications of broadleaf weed herbicides is not refined to maximize control of ground ivy. The objective of our three‐year study was to determine how application timing in fall affects control of ground ivy with five different herbicide treatments. Herbicides were applied on 1 and 15 September, 1 and 15 October, and 1 and 15 November of 2003, 2004, and 2005. When rated in December following application, applications of all herbicides were most effective if applied prior to 1 November. However, November applications of all herbicides resulted in control similar to earlier applications when rated the following June. Triclopyr was the most effective and consistent in controlling ground ivy, with 27 of 36 applications reducing cover to ≤ 1% compared to > 50% in untreated plots. Long‐term control from triclopyr was not affected significantly by application date. Adding isoxaben to triclopyr improved long‐term control over triclopyr alone in five of six November applications. Fluroxypyr provided ≤ 10% cover by June in 15 of the 18 applications and applications on 1 September through 1 November were most effective. Poorest control resulted from 2,4‐D+MCPP+dicamba. Adding carfentrazone to 2,4‐D+MCPP+dicamba dramatically improved short‐term control of ground ivy from November applications, but had little long‐term benefit on any application date.

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“…higher rather than the lower, relative humidity may be associated with the rate of glyphosate absorption (Jordan, 1977;Wills, 1978), where high relative humidity delayed the drying of spray deposits on the plant surface (Richardson, 1977;Cudney, 1987), thereby prolonging the period for spray absorption. That slower drying prolongs the absorption of glyphosate has been shown in other species (Sharma & Vanden Born, 1970).…”

Section: In¯uence Of Relative Humidity On Glyphosate Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of environmental factors on glyphosate efficacy when applied to Avena fatua or Urochloa panicoides

et al. 1998

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Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil moisture content, irradiance, temperature and relative humidity on the efficacy of glyphosate applied to six isogenic lines of Avena fatua L. (wild oat) and four near‐isogenic lines of Urochloa panicoides Beauv. (liverseed grass). The variables examined were four soil moisture conditions (29%, 42%, 55% and 100% of field capacity), two levels of irradiance (400 and 800 μmol m−2 s−1), two levels of relative humidity (>92% and 65%) and four temperature regimes (20/15, 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30 °C: day/night), representing the environmental conditions of winter or summer fallows in the north‐east grain region of Australia. The efficacy of 360 g acid equivalent ha−1 glyphosate was greatest under well‐watered (100% of field capacity), warm (30/25 °C for A. fatua and 35/30 °C for U. panicoides) and humid (>92/90%) conditions. The efficacy was least under severe water stress (29% of field capacity), warm (30/25 °C for A. fatua and 35/30 °C for U. panicoides) and moderately humid (65/60%) conditions. Efficacy was not altered by the level of irradiance nor was it different between isogenic lines.

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A review of foliar absorption and translocation of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T

Cited by 45 publications

References 61 publications

Effects of formulation with different adjuvants on foliar uptake of difenzoquat and 2,4‐D: model experiments with wild oat and field bean

Effects of formulation with different adjuvants on foliar uptake of difenzoquat and 2,4‐D: model experiments with wild oat and field bean

Herbicide Selection and Application Timing in the Fall Affects Control of Ground Ivy

Influence of environmental factors on glyphosate efficacy when applied to Avena fatua or Urochloa panicoides

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