A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies

Xu, Kai; Guo, Youguang; Lei, Gang; Zhu, Jianguo

doi:10.3390/en16186462

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…A similar conclusion is reached in [23], which provides another overview of FESS technology and applications. It is highlighted that whilst challenges are apparent for the accelerated deployment of FESSs, a target area for research should be in the area of frequency regulation and other power system services.…”

Section: Energy Storage Systemssupporting

confidence: 71%

Standalone and Hybridised Flywheels for Frequency Response Services: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

Hutchinson,

Gladwin

2024

Energies

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Frequency response services are one of the key components used by major electrical networks worldwide, acting to help control the frequency within set boundaries. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are commonly deployed for this purpose; however, their potential is limited by susceptibility to cycle-based degradation and widely reported safety incidents. Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs) do not share these weaknesses and hence could be a potential candidate for longer-term participation in frequency response markets. This study presents the most in-depth and wide-ranging techno-economic analysis of the feasibility of FESSs for frequency response to date. Standalone FESSs are shown to be economically viable across a range of different specifications, achieving a positive Net Present Value (NPV) under varying economic conditions. At a capital cost of 500 GBP/kW with a discount rate of 4%, a 5C FESS can achieve an NPV of GBP 38,586 as a standalone unit. The complex trade-offs when considering hybridising FESSs and BESSs for this application are also investigated in-depth for the first time, again showing positive changes to NPV under various scenarios. Conversely, under some conditions, hybridisation can have a significant negative impact, showcasing the optimisation needed when considering hybrid systems. The impact of introducing a hybrid BESS varies from a low of decreasing the NPV of the system by GBP 97,955 to a high of increasing the NPV by GBP 119,621 depending on the configuration chosen. This comprehensive work provides the foundations for future research into FESS deployment for frequency response services and shows for the first time the circumstances under which deployment for this application would be both technically and economically viable.

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Section: Energy Storage Systemssupporting

confidence: 71%

Standalone and Hybridised Flywheels for Frequency Response Services: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

Hutchinson,

Gladwin

2024

Energies

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“…Another mechanical ESS with faster response time, suitable for short-term energy storage, is the flywheel [33,34]. A flywheel comprises a large wheel, usually made from steel, on an axle fitted with frictionless bearings.…”

Section: Mechanical Esssmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Energy Storage Systems of Non-Interconnected European Islands

Fotopoulou,

Pediaditis,

Skopetou

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The ongoing energy transition has caused a paradigm shift in the architecture of power systems, increasing their sustainability with the installation of renewable energy sources (RES). In most cases, the efficient utilization of renewable energy requires the employment of energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries and hydro-pumped storage systems. The need for ESS becomes more apparent when it comes to non-interconnected power systems, where the incorporation of stochastic renewables, such as photovoltaics (PV) systems, may more frequently reduce certain power quality indicators or lead to curtailments. The purpose of this review paper is to present the predominant core technologies related to ESSs, along with their technical and life cycle analysis and the range of ancillary services that they can provide to non-interconnected power systems. Also, it aims to provide a detailed description of existing installations, or combinations of installations, in non-interconnected European islands. Therefore, it provides an overview and maps the current status of storage solutions that enhance the sustainable environmentally friendly operation of autonomous systems.

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“…The machine learning algorithm used by the authors enables an increase in the efficiency and, above all, the security of BESS warehouses, and therefore also contributes to ensuring greater stability in the power system. Flywheel energy storage systems (FEES), similarly to the use of BESS storage, improve the stability of network operation [14]. In [15], Yin and Liu propose the use of fuzzy vector reinforcement learning (FVRL) to control generation in a power system taking into account FEES.…”

Section: Antecedent Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence and Optimisation in Power Engineering—Introduction to the Special Issue

Pijarski,

Belowski

2024

Energies

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The challenges currently faced by network operators are difficult and complex. Presently, various types of energy sources with random generation, energy storage units operating in charging or discharging mode and consumers with different operating characteristics are connected to the power grid. The network is being expanded and modernised. This contributes to the occurrence of various types of network operating states in practice. The appearance of a significant number of objects with random generation in the power system complicates the process of planning and controlling the operation of the power system. It is therefore necessary to constantly search for new methods and algorithms that allow operators to adapt to the changing operating conditions of the power grid. There are many different types of method in the literature, with varying effectiveness, that have been or are used in practice. So far, however, no one ideal, universal method or methodology has been invented that would enable (with equal effectiveness) all problems faced by the power system to be solved. This article presents an overview and a short description of research works available in the literature in which the authors have used modern methods to solve various problems in the field of power engineering. The article is an introduction to the special issue entitled Advances in the Application of Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence and Optimisation in Power Engineering. It is an overview of various current problems and the various methods used to solve them, which are used to cope with difficult situations. The authors also pointed out potential research gaps that can be treated as areas for further research.

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A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System Technologies

Cited by 11 publications

References 145 publications

Standalone and Hybridised Flywheels for Frequency Response Services: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

Standalone and Hybridised Flywheels for Frequency Response Services: A Techno-Economic Feasibility Study

A Review of the Energy Storage Systems of Non-Interconnected European Islands

Application of Methods Based on Artificial Intelligence and Optimisation in Power Engineering—Introduction to the Special Issue

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