A Review of Flaviviruses that Have No Known Arthropod Vector

Blitvich, Bradley J.; Firth, Andrew E.

doi:10.3390/v9060154

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Examination of topologies of phylogenetic trees produced the same topology and strong support, indicated by posterior probabilities in the Bayesian tree and high bootstrap values for the ML tree. Importantly, the topologies of these trees are congruent with those of previously produced genus-wide phylogenies (11,13,17,54). For simplicity, we have depicted the Bayesian tree ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…This suggests that vertebrate-infecting and insect-specific flaviviruses may have arisen and been lost multiple times throughout the evolutionary history of flaviviruses. In addition, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses also recognizes a number of flaviviruses isolated from vertebrates, such as rodents or birds, that are classified as being flaviviruses with no known vector (NKV) (reviewed by Blitvich and Firth [11]). These viruses are genetically related to vector-borne flaviviruses, with some experimentally demonstrated to replicate in both mosquito and vertebrate cells (12,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts

Parry

Asgari

2019

J Virol

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Most described flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) are disease-causing pathogens of vertebrates maintained in zoonotic cycles between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrate hosts. Poor sampling of flaviviruses outside vector-borne flaviviruses such as Zika virus and dengue virus has presented a narrow understanding of flavivirus diversity and evolution. In this study, we discovered three crustacean flaviviruses (Gammarus chevreuxi flavivirus, Gammarus pulex flavivirus, and Crangon crangon flavivirus) and two cephalopod flaviviruses (Southern Pygmy squid flavivirus and Firefly squid flavivirus). Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods demonstrate that crustacean flaviviruses form a well-supported clade and share a more closely related ancestor with terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses than with classical insect-specific flaviviruses. In addition, we identify variants of Wenzhou shark flavivirus in multiple gazami crab (Portunus trituberculatus) populations, with active replication supported by evidence of an active RNA interference response. This suggests that Wenzhou shark flavivirus moves horizontally between sharks and gazami crabs in ocean ecosystems. Analyses of the mono-and dinucleotide composition of marine flaviviruses compared to that of flaviviruses with known host status suggest that some marine flaviviruses share a nucleotide bias similar to that of vector-borne flaviviruses. Furthermore, we identify crustacean flavivirus endogenous viral elements that are closely related to elements of terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses. Taken together, these data provide evidence of flaviviruses circulating between marine vertebrates and invertebrates, expand our understanding of flavivirus host range, and offer potential insights into the evolution and emergence of terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses.IMPORTANCE Some flaviviruses are known to cause disease in vertebrates and are typically transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes. While an ever-increasing number of insect-specific flaviviruses have been described, we have a narrow understanding of flavivirus incidence and evolution. To expand this understanding, we discovered a number of novel flaviviruses that infect a range of crustaceans and cephalopod hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of these novel marine flaviviruses suggest that crustacean flaviviruses share a close ancestor to all terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses, and squid flaviviruses are the most divergent of all known flaviviruses to date. Additionally, our results indicate horizontal transmission of a marine flavivirus between crabs and sharks. Taken together, these data suggest that flaviviruses move horizontally between invertebrates and vertebrates in ocean ecosystems. This study demonstrates that flavivirus invertebrate-vertebrate host associations have arisen in flaviviruses at least twice and may potentially provide insights into the emergence or origin of terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses. FIG 2 Translation of a complete polyprotein depends on highly st...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts

Parry

Asgari

2019

J Virol

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“…Flaviviruses are single‐stranded, positive sense RNA viruses. Based on their arthropod and vertebrate host associations, flaviviruses are grouped in three broad categories: dual‐host flaviviruses that are maintained in an interdependent arthropod/vertebrate cycle, the vertebrate‐only flaviviruses that have no known arthropod association though naturally transmitted among vertebrates, and the insect‐specific flaviviruses that replicate in mosquito cell lines only …”

Section: Novel Mosquito‐associated Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The discovery and global distribution of novel mosquito‐associated viruses in the last decade (2007‐2017)

Atoni

Zhao

Karungu

et al. 2019

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary In the last decade, virus hunting and discovery has gained pace. This achievement has been driven by three major factors: (a) advancements in sequencing technologies, (b) scaled‐up routine arbovirus surveillance strategies, and (c) the “hunt” for emerging pathogens and novel viruses. Many novel viruses have been discovered from a myriad of hosts, vectors, and environmental samples. To help promote understanding of the global diversity and distribution of mosquito‐associated viruses and facilitate future studies, we review mosquito‐associated viruses discovered between years 2007 and 2017, across the world. In the analyzed period, novel mosquito‐associated viruses belonging to 25 families and a general group of unclassified viruses were categorized. The top three discovered novel mosquito‐associated viruses belonged to families Flaviviridae (n=32), Rhabdoviridae (n=16), and Peribunyaviridae (n=14). Also, 67 unclassified viruses were reported. Majority of these novel viruses were identified from Culex spp, Anopheles spp, Aedes spp, and Mansonia spp mosquitoes, respectively. Notably, the number of these discovered novels is not representative of intercontinental virus diversity but rather is influenced by the number of studies done in the study period. Some of these newly discovered mosquito‐associated viruses have medical significance, either directly or indirectly. For instance, in the study period, 14 novel mosquito‐borne viruses that infect mammalian cells in vitro were reported. These viruses pose a danger to the global health security on emerging viral diseases. On the other hand, some of the newly discovered insect specific viruses described herein have potential application as future biocontrol and vaccine agents against known pathogenic arboviruses. Overall, this review outlines the crucial role played by mosquitoes as viral vectors in the global virosphere.

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“…The flavivirus genus consists of over 73 unique arthropod-borne viruses, some of which cause high morbidity and mortality. Flaviviruses are generally mosquito-borne or tick-borne and insect-specific flaviviruses, although some can be maintained in a vertebrate only transmission, without a known vector [5][6][7]. Mosquito-borne and tick-borne flaviviruses present the most public health concern.…”

Section: Flavivirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During a blood meal, WNV-infected mosquitoes transfer the virus to the dermis and to some extent directly into the blood stream of a vertebrate host [55]. The incubation period of WNV infection in human is [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] days and infections in immunocompetent humans are either asymptomatic or self-limited febrile illness with general body weakness, muscle and joint pains, headache, gastrointestinal complaints, skin rash and lymphadenopathy. However in immunocompromised individuals, infants, elderly and rare situations, a small proportion of WNV cases develop neurological infections characterised by flaccid paralysis, meningitis and encephalitis, which can often lead to death [56].…”

Section: West Nile Virus Life Cycle and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo RNAi screening with a West Nile virus library encoding artificial microRNAs identifies novel host restriction factors

Nanyonga¹

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, originally isolated in Uganda in 1937, and responsible for sporadic outbreaks in Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1999 WNV was introduced into the USA starting in New York City, and has since become endemic in North America leading to thousands of cases annually. In Australia, a closely related strain of West Nile virus called Kunjin virus (WNV KUN ) is endemic to the country. Despite the antigenic similarity between the two strains,

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A Review of Flaviviruses that Have No Known Arthropod Vector

Cited by 63 publications

References 92 publications

Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts

Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts

The discovery and global distribution of novel mosquito‐associated viruses in the last decade (2007‐2017)

In vitro and in vivo RNAi screening with a West Nile virus library encoding artificial microRNAs identifies novel host restriction factors

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