A review of factors impacting exposure to PM2.5, ultrafine particles and black carbon in Asian transport microenvironments

Field investigations for evaluating green infrastructure effects on air quality in open-road conditions

“…These traffic-generated emissions contribute to increased air pollution exposure in 'on-road', 'near-road' and 'far-road' microenvironments (Batterman, 2013;Batterman et al, 2014). In on-road microenvironments, drivers, commuters, pedestrians, and cyclists are exposed to air pollution (Kumar et al, 2018a(Kumar et al, , 2018b). The near-road microenvironment extends over a few hundred meters from highways, including where people live, walk or cycle.…”

Impact of route choice and period of the day on cyclists' exposure to black carbon in London, Rotterdam and São Paulo

“…However, cycling is also associated with health and safety hazards due to the exposure to high concentrations of traffic emissions, especially during peak commuting period (Hartog et al, 2010;Tainio et al, 2016). On-road vehicles are a dominant source of air pollution in urban areas (Kumar et al, 2018a). Cycle commuters are particularly vulnerable because of them being on or close to the roads.…”

“…Several studies associate the exposure to Black Carbon (BC) with total and cardiovascular mortality, blood pressure and respiratory disease (Geng et al, 2013;Jansen et al, 2005;Mordukhovich et al, 2009). In urban areas, BC comes mainly from fossil fuel combustion, and the main source are motor vehicles emissions, in particular, diesel vehicles (Kumar et al, 2018a). Based on the panel and time-series studies, there is enough evidence of daily variations in BC concentrations with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiopulmonary hospital admissions (Janssen et al, 2012).…”

PM2.5 and ultrafine particles in passenger car cabins in Sweden and northern China—the influence of filter age and pre-ionization

“…The study scope mainly included PM 2.5 , and sometimes UFP. The focus in the studies was on variation of transportation microenvironments (Kaur et al 2005 ; Knibbs and de Dear 2010 ; Huang et al 2012 ; Both et al 2013 ; Qiu et al 2017 ), influence of ventilation settings (Zhu et al 2007 ; Knibbs et al 2010 ; Abi-Esber and El-Fadel 2013 ; Jain 2017 ), influence of the surrounding traffic (Knibbs et al 2009 ), and measurement methods (Kumar et al 2018 ). Basic information about these comparative studies is summarized in Table 4 in Appendix.…”