A review of environmental and occupational exposure to xylene and its health concerns

Niaz, Kamal; Bahadar, Haji; Maqbool, Faheem; Abdollahi, Mohammad

doi:10.17179/excli2015-623

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Cyclohexanone, xylenes, and ethylbenzene were detected as the most abundant signals in the chromatograms of these two samples (Figure a, right; also compare Figure S6). Xylenes are known to be neurotoxic . Furthermore, o -xylene and naphthalene, which is classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and was detected in sample 1, are precursors in the synthesis of phthalic anhydride, a reactant for the production of phthalate-based plasticizers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Assessment of Toxicologically Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Polymer-Based Costume Masks

Even

Roloff

Lüttgert

et al. 2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Plastic costume masks regularly exhibit unpleasant odors that may be associated with the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Upon inhalation, VOCs might adversely affect the wearer's health if the exposure exceeds regulatory threshold values. The VOCs emitted from a selection of costume masks (n = 12) were characterized semiquantitatively with a screening method based on GC/MS measurements in dynamic headspace sampling mode. Furthermore, odors associated with the masks were evaluated by a sensory panel. Two masks emitted particularly high concentrations of ethylbenzene, xylenes, and cyclohexanone and exhibited the most intense and unpleasant odors, which were described as rubber-like, pungent, and leather-like. To simulate and assess the inhalation exposures for wearers of these masks, an innovative experimental setup based on a doll's head was developed, with sampling of emitted volatiles on adsorption material and subsequent analysis by thermal desorption−GC/MS. The measured inhalable concentrations of cyclohexanone exceeded the derived no-effect level (DNEL) for systemic effects on the general population over several hours of wearing, and also after repeated use. Importantly, the cyclohexanone DNEL was reevaluated in relation to a recent study on inhalation toxicity in rodents and was found to be significantly lower (1.4 mg•m −3 ) compared to the industry-derived values (10−20 mg•m −3 ), thus aggravating the health risks associated with inhalation exposure from some of the costume masks tested. Finally, a comparison of the inhalable concentrations derived from the simulated exposure assessments with those derived from measurements in miniaturized emission test chambers indicate that microchambers represent a useful tool for high-throughput analysis. The influences of temperature and inhalation/exhalation flow rates on VOC exposures were also studied.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Assessment of Toxicologically Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Polymer-Based Costume Masks

Even

Roloff

Lüttgert

et al. 2021

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…With a chemical formula of C 8 H 10 and a molecular weight of 106.2 g/mol, technical xylene is a mixture of three individual isomers ( Figure 1 ), namely ortho-xylene (o-xylene), meta-xylene (m-xylene), and para-xylene (p-xylene) [ 1 ]. Being a cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, xylene is a flammable, colorless liquid with a pleasant odor [ 1 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the individual isomers of xylene have almost similar toxicokinetic characteristics and toxicological effects [ 7 ]. The harmful effects of xylene have been investigated by several authors [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Exposure to xylene affects the central nervous system, respiratory system, and hepatic system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure to xylene affects the central nervous system, respiratory system, and hepatic system. The adverse effects include increased dopamine in the brain, irritation of the nose and throat, and increased liver weight [ 3 ]. In relation to the reproductive effects of xylene, there were some deficiencies in the previously published studies regarding the duration of animal exposure to conclude the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) [ 3 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adverse effects include increased dopamine in the brain, irritation of the nose and throat, and increased liver weight [ 3 ]. In relation to the reproductive effects of xylene, there were some deficiencies in the previously published studies regarding the duration of animal exposure to conclude the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) [ 3 , 8 , 9 ]. In addition, reviews on the reproductive effects of technical xylene are still lacking with their focus on the female reproductive outcomes, morphologically and histologically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicological Effects of Technical Xylene Mixtures on the Female Reproductive System: A Systematic Review

Suaidi

Alshawsh

Hoe

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Technical xylene is a compound of massive production that is used in applications such as petrochemical and healthcare laboratories. Exposure to xylene can cause acute and chronic effects in humans and animals. Currently available studies regarding xylene’s adverse effects with credible designs were dated almost twenty years ago. This systematic review summarizes the findings regarding the detrimental effects of technical xylene from human, animal, and in vitro studies. It recapitulated available studies with respect to the effects of xylene on the female reproductive system to stress the need for updating the current data and guidelines. Based on pre-specified criteria, 22 studies from journal databases exploring the toxic effects of xylene on menstruation, endocrine endpoints, fetal development, and reproductive functions were included for the review. It was found that related studies with a specific focus on the effects of technical xylene on the female reproductive system were insufficient. Therefore, further studies are necessary to update the existing data, thus improving the quality and reliability of risk assessment of exposure to xylene in pregnant women.

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Recent Advances in the Application of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Organic Pollutants

Anegbe,

Ifijen

2024

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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A review of environmental and occupational exposure to xylene and its health concerns

Cited by 43 publications

References 89 publications

Exposure Assessment of Toxicologically Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Polymer-Based Costume Masks

Exposure Assessment of Toxicologically Relevant Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Polymer-Based Costume Masks

Toxicological Effects of Technical Xylene Mixtures on the Female Reproductive System: A Systematic Review

Recent Advances in the Application of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Organic Pollutants

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