“…This work includes historical studies of Reilly's retail gravitation theory (Brown, 1994), spatial theory in retailing (Babin et al, 1994), motivation research (McLeod, 2009;Tadajewski, 2006), service marketing (Vargo and Lusch, 2004;Vargo and Morgan, 2005), channels theory (Wilkinson, 2001), the four utilities concept (Shaw, 1994), and marketing productivity. Both Shaw (1987Shaw ( , 1990 and Dixon (1990Dixon ( , 1991 have done extensive work on the historical development of the concept and measurement of marketing productivity. Shaw's historical review of empirical studies concludes that marketing productivity in the United States during the past century has increased, but he points to the continuing lack of clear concepts and measures of marketing costs and effectiveness (1990: 290).…”