A Review of Electroanalytical Techniques for Determination of Anti-HIV Drugs

Abstract

Until now after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered as the then tentative aetiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), exactly 25 anti-HIV compounds have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of AIDS. These compounds fall into six categories: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs: zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, lamivudine, abacavir, stavudine, and emtricitabine), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs: tenofovir), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs: efavirenz, nevirapine, delavirdine, and etravirine), protease inhibitors (PIs: ritonavir, indinavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, tipranavir and darunavir), fusion inhibitors (FIs: enfuvirtide), coreceptor inhibitors (CRIs: maraviroc), and integrase inhibitors (INIs: raltegravir). The present paper submitted the use of various electroanalytical techniques for the determination of anti-HIV drugs. This paper covers the time period from 1990 to 2010 including voltammetric techniques that were reported. Presented application concerns analysis of anti-HIV drugs from pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples.

Electrochemical characterization of bioactive hydroxyxanthones by cyclic voltammetry

“…Their operating simplicity, higher sensitivity, short time of analysis, and lower reagent consuming as well as lower costs are some advantages presented by these techniques compared with chromatographic or spectroscopic methods. 10,11 Thus cyclic voltammetry (CV) has become an important and widely used electroanalytical technique in many relevant studies of redox processes, in organic and inorganic chemistry, to clarify the electrochemical behavior of complex chemical and biochemical systems, and to obtain information about all types of interfacial processes depending on electrochemical currents. 12 The aim of the present study is to study the electrochemical In order to simulate the physiological conditions, the cyclic voltammograms were performed at pH 7.4 (sodium phosphate).…”

Technological platforms used for the screening of new antiviral drugs

“…The sensor was constructed from the domain of the hydrophobic region of gp41, which can be blocked by new molecules that act as fusion inhibitors and as it does not require the identification of the C-terminal peptide domain, which offers a promising application for extending the assay to a variety of HIV-1 viral fusion domains. 11 Likewise, Bozal et al, 12 using the "in silico" computational technique, has evaluated the specific points of mutations that occur in HIV proteases (HIVp), specifically in the formation of alanine dimers; main factor of resistance to currently used protease inhibitor drugs, in order to identify compounds through a computational screening that can act directly in these points and later be evaluated in vitro using an optical chip biosensor (CM5), in order to find compounds that can dissociate the dimers from HIVp monomers. 12 Technological platforms have also been used in order to obtain bioactive compounds from traditional medicine; for example, Computer-aided drug design (CADD) systems are very useful for quickly and efficiently determining molecules of interest.…”

“…11 Likewise, Bozal et al, 12 using the "in silico" computational technique, has evaluated the specific points of mutations that occur in HIV proteases (HIVp), specifically in the formation of alanine dimers; main factor of resistance to currently used protease inhibitor drugs, in order to identify compounds through a computational screening that can act directly in these points and later be evaluated in vitro using an optical chip biosensor (CM5), in order to find compounds that can dissociate the dimers from HIVp monomers. 12 Technological platforms have also been used in order to obtain bioactive compounds from traditional medicine; for example, Computer-aided drug design (CADD) systems are very useful for quickly and efficiently determining molecules of interest. Through these systems, a virtual record of the binding sites to viral proteins or ligands of the host cell is made, and then In vitro techniques such as biosensors, microfluidics or 3D assays selectively identify the compounds with the highest antiviral potential.…”

A Review of Analytical Techniques for Determination of Anti-Hiv Drugs

“…In addition, new therapies are continually being sought that exploit new viral targets, have activity against resistant viral strains, have a lower incidence of adverse effects, and offer convenient dosing. New agents of existing classes are currently in advanced stages of clinical development [23]. The growing demand for these agents stimulates a search for new even more effective drugs, but also calls for higher level of quality control of these therapeutic substances and preparations, so that they are in the highest possible degree free from any impurities that may come from the production process, as well as from decompositions products of active or auxiliary substances.…”