A Review of Ecological Determinants of Territoriality within Vertebrate Species

Maher, Christine R.; Lott, Dale F.

doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0001:aroedo]2.0.co;2

Cited by 281 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…To demonstrate the existence of a territory in a given species, three criteria must be simultaneously met (Brown and Orians, 1970): it must be (i) exclusive, (ii) fixed and (iii) actively or passively defended against intruders. These three factors have been found in the territorial behaviour of various species of vertebrates, and observed for different groups of birds (Maher and Lott, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Unravelling feeding territoriality in the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, in Cananéia, Brazil

2010

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Habitat use by the Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea) and discovery of feeding territoriality are discussed here. The results showed the existence of a territorial individual defending an area (2,564.46 ± 943.56 m 2 ) close to the mangrove, and non-territorial individuals (9.17 ± 2.54) in the rest of a demarcated area (mean area for the non-territorial: 893.25 ± 676.72). A weak positive correlation (r = 0.47, df = 46, p < 0.05) was found between the overlapping of territorial and non-territorial individuals (2.85 ± 3.07 m 2 ) and the mean overlapped area for territorial individuals (171.41 ± 131.40 m 2 ). Higher capture (1.52 ± 1.14 × 1.00 ± 1.37 catches/minutes) and success rates (0.45 ± 0.31 × 0.21 ± 0.27) and lower energy expenditure rates (45.21 ± 14.96 × 51.22 ± 14.37 steps/minutes; and 3.65 ± 2.55 × 4.94 ± 3.28 stabs/minutes) were observed for individuals foraging in areas close to the mangrove. The results suggest that the observed territorial behaviour is more related to a number of food parameters than to intruder pressure, and also that the observed territoriality might be related to defense of areas with higher prey availability.Keywords: used area, estuary, defense, foraging behaviour, territory.Desvendando territorialidade alimentar na Garça-Azul, Egretta caerulea, em Cananéia, Brasil ResumoUso do habitat pela garça-azul (Egretta caerulea) e a descoberta da territorialidae alimentar são discutidos aqui. Os resultados apontaram para a existência de um indivíduo territorial defendendo uma área (2.564,46 ± 943,56 m 2 ) pró-xima ao manguezal e indivíduos não-territoriais (9,17 ± 2,54) no restante de uma área demarcada (média das áreas para os não-territoriais: 893,25 ± 676,72). Uma correlação positiva fraca (r = 0,47, df = 46, p < 0,05) foi encontrada entre a sobreposição de indivíduos territoriais e não-territoriais (2,85 ± 3,07 m 2 ) e a média de área sobreposta para indivíduos territoriais (171,41 ± 131,40 m 2 ). Maiores taxas de captura (1,52 ± 1,14 × 1,00 ± 1,37 capturas /minutos) e sucesso (0,45 ± 0,31 × 0,21 ± 0,27 capturas/tentativas de captura) e menores taxas de gasto energético (45,21 ± 14,96 × 51,22 ± 14,37 passos/min; e 3,65 ± 2,55 × 4,94 ± 3,28 tentativas de captura/min) foram registradas para indivíduos forrageando em áreas mais próximas do manguezal. Os resultados sugerem que o comportamento territorial observado tem mais relação com alguns parâmetros alimentares do que com a pressão de intrusos. Assim como a territorialidade observada pode estar relacionada com a defesa de áreas que contém alta disponibilidade de presas.Palavras-chave: área de uso, comportamento alimentar, defesa, estuário, território.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Unravelling feeding territoriality in the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, in Cananéia, Brazil

2010

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“…Moreover, high density of fish can also contribute to an increase in agonistic interactions (Cole & Noakes, 1980;Maher & Lott, 2000). In this study, due to fast sampling, the pressure of intrusion (mainly by juveniles) cannot be directly evaluated, but we found that there was no apparent variation in the territorial maintenance costs between the sampled sections (which, nevertheless, showed little variation in density).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Cost of territorial maintenance by Parodon nasus (Osteichthyes: Parodontidae) in a Neotropical stream

et al. 2009

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The combined demand over a certain resource may exceed its immediate supply, which can then lead to competition between individuals. This competition may result in territorial behavior. In this study we determine the density and spatial distribution, describe the interactions arising from territorial behavior and evaluate the costs of keeping the territories defended by adults of Parodon nasus. The study was conducted in Camarinha Stream located in the Serra das Araras Ecological Station, Porto Estrela, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The density was constant throughout the length of the stream, with a mean (± standard deviation) of 1.01 ind./m 2 (± 0.14). Our results show that the spatial distribution of individuals in the area ranged between uniform and random. The territories were defended more often against intraspecific than interspecific intruders. The time that the owners of the territories devoted to defending them was not influenced by the size of the territories. However, owners of larger territories spent more time foraging than owners of smaller territories. As a result, owners of larger territories had less time to rest than owners of smaller territories. The results of this study show behavioral patterns relevant to understanding the relationship between size and territorial maintenance cost of P. nasus and other species of fish with territorial behavior.A demanda combinada por um recurso pode exceder a sua oferta imediata, levando os indivíduos a competirem. Essa competição pode resultar no comportamento de territorialidade. Neste trabalho nós determinamos a densidade e a distribuição espacial, descrevemos as interações decorrentes do comportamento territorial e avaliamos os custos de manutenção dos territórios defendidos por indivíduos adultos de Parodon nasus. O estudo foi realizado no córrego Camarinha localizado na Estação Ecológica Serra das Araras no município de Porto Estrela, Mato Grosso, Brasil. A densidade foi constante ao longo de todos os trechos, com média (± desvio padrão) de 1,01 ind./m 2 (± 0,14). Nossos resultados mostram que a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos na área variou entre uniforme e aleatória. Os territórios foram defendidos mais frequentemente contra invasores intra do que interespecíficos. O tempo que os detentores de território dedicaram a sua defesa não foi influenciado pelo tamanho dos territórios. Todavia, donos de territórios maiores passaram mais tempo em atividade de forrageamento que donos de territórios menores. Como consequência, donos de territórios maiores tiveram menos tempo para descansar que donos de territórios menores. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram padrões comportamentais importantes para o entendimento da relação entre tamanho e custo de manutenção dos territórios de P. nasus e de outras espécies de peixes com comportamento territorial.

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“…Other authors (Brown 1964;Maher and Lott 2000;McLoughlin et al 2000) suggest that home range overlap is influenced mainly by the availability of food resources and greater abundance of key resources would allow greater overlap. Additionally, the availability of other resources such as refuges, or sites with high vegetation cover to avoid predators may also affect tolerance (Aliaga-Rossel et al 2008;Goulart et al 2009;Michalsky andNorris 2011, Norris et al 2012) and should be an interesting aspect to explore in future studies: measuring the availability of food resources, presence of predators related to home range sizes, and how they might swift in time related to them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home range and habitat use by pacas in a montane tropical forest in Bolivia

2017

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We studied the home range and habitat use of paca (Cuniculus paca) in a rural agricultural community in the Alto Beni region, in La Paz department, Bolivia, where game meat is the main source of protein for a large portion of local inhabitants. We captured and radio collared five individual paca (4 females and 1 male), which were followed for six months in 2012 to estimate home range of the individuals and assess their habitat use and selection. The total mean home range (95% Minimum Convex Polygon) was 2.26 ha (SD = 0.80), and ranged from 1.5 to 2.96 ha. The mean female home range (2.04 ha) was smaller than the male´s (2.95 ha). Pacas used two (crops and fallows) of the three available habitats (secondary forest patches), and appeared to positively select crops over the other two. The importance of crops may be linked to the type of agriculture conducted in the area (i.e. mainly cacao in agroforestry systems), which may offer more food and shelter for pacas. Given that, the importance of habitats may change seasonally; this topic should be examined in future studies. Our results suggest that agroforestry systems may be important for the species since they offer a variety of food resources throughout the year. KEYWORDS: space use, radiotelemetry, Alto Beni, cacao, agroforestry Ámbito de hogar y uso de hábitat del jochi pintado en un bosque montano tropical de Bolivia RESUMENHemos estudiado el ámbito de hogar y uso de hábitat del jochi pintado (Cuniculus paca) en una comunidad de Alto Beni en el Norte de La Paz-Bolivia, donde la carne obtenida por cacería es, como en muchas regiones de la Amazonia, una fuente principal de proteína para muchas poblaciones indígenas y campesinas. Hemos capturado y seguido con radio-collar a cinco individuos (4 hembras y 1 macho) por seis meses en 2012. El ámbito de hogar promedio de los individuos fue de 2,26 ha (ds=0,80), usando el estimador Mínimo Polígono Convexo (MPC al 95%) y los valores se encuentran entre 1,5 a 2,96 ha. El ámbito de hogar promedio de las hembras fue más pequeño (2,04 ha) que del macho (2,95 ha). Los jochis estudiados usaron 2 (cultivos y barbechos) de los 3 hábitats disponibles (parches de bosque secundario), aunque los cultivos parecen ser seleccionados positivamente respecto a los otros dos. La importancia de los cultivos podría estar ligada al tipo de cultivo que se realiza en la zona (sistemas agroforestales), que podrían estar ofreciendo mejores condiciones para ser usados por los jochis. Adicionalmente, la importancia de los hábitats podría cambiar de acuerdo a la época del año, lo cual podría ser abordado en siguientes estudios. Este trabajo es el primero en dar detalles sobre la ecología de C. paca en vida silvestre en Bolivia; sin embargo sería necesario contar con más individuos para tener más detalle sobre la ecología espacial de esta especie. PALABRAS CLAVE: uso de hábitat, radiotelemetría, Alto Beni, cacao, agroforestería

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A Review of Ecological Determinants of Territoriality within Vertebrate Species

Cited by 281 publications

References 117 publications

Unravelling feeding territoriality in the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, in Cananéia, Brazil

Unravelling feeding territoriality in the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, in Cananéia, Brazil

Cost of territorial maintenance by Parodon nasus (Osteichthyes: Parodontidae) in a Neotropical stream

Home range and habitat use by pacas in a montane tropical forest in Bolivia

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