A Review of Different Vaccines and Strategies to Combat COVID-19

Abstract

In December 2019, an unknown viral infection emerged and quickly spread worldwide, resulting in a global pandemic. This novel virus caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has caused 6.25 millions of deaths worldwide and remains a major concern for health, society, and the economy. As vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to combat this pandemic, different vaccines were developed in a short period. This review article discusses how coronavirus affected the top nations of the world and the vaccines being used for the prevention. Amongst the vaccines, some vaccines have already been approved, and some have been involved in clinical studies. The article also provides insight into different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, their preparation, working, efficacy, and side effects.

Antibody response to third and fourth BNT162b2 mRNA booster vaccinations in healthcare workers in Tokyo, Japan

“…Vaccination is an effective means of controlling infectious diseases. To date, multiple vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and distributed [ 1 ]. Among these vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) have been used globally [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Severe rhabdomyolysis secondary to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in a teenager

“…However, as there are very few similarities in the patient characteristics of the reported cases, it is challenging to suggest risk factors without a further study. Notably, myalgia near the injection site is among the most common side effects following mRNA vaccination [ 16 ]. While the underlying pathophysiology of this muscle pain has not been identified, nonspecific inflammatory response and trauma have been speculated to be possible mechanisms [ 16 ].…”

“…Notably, myalgia near the injection site is among the most common side effects following mRNA vaccination [ 16 ]. While the underlying pathophysiology of this muscle pain has not been identified, nonspecific inflammatory response and trauma have been speculated to be possible mechanisms [ 16 ]. It is plausible that rhabdomyolysis represents the extreme end of the spectrum of muscle injury following vaccination.…”

Recent Advances in ROS-Scavenging Metallic Nanozymes for Anti-Inflammatory Diseases: A Review

“… 42 43 The synthesis of biocompatible NPs is a key approach to the development of safe drug-delivery systems. 38 44 Owing to the leaky nature of vasculature, NPs accumulate in sites of inflammation through sub-endothelial spaces. Moreover, targeting moieties can be functionalized on the surfaces of NPs to promote their active accumulation in targeted tissues to realize targeted drug delivery and therapy, which can reduce offsite toxicity and side-effects.…”