A Review of Dietary Intake of Acrylamide in Humans

Abstract

The dietary intake of acrylamide (AA) is a health concern, and food is being monitored worldwide, but the extent of AA exposure from the diet is uncertain. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of estimated dietary intake. We performed a PubMed search identifying studies that used dietary questionnaires and recalls to estimate total dietary AA intake. A total of 101 studies were included, corresponding to 68 original study populations from 26 countries. Questionnaires were used in 57 studies, dietary recalls were used in 33 studies, and 11 studies used both methods. The estimated median AA intake ranged from 0.02 to 1.53 μg/kg body weight/day between studies. Children were represented in 25 studies, and the body-weight-adjusted estimated AA intake was up to three times higher for children than adults. The majority of studies were from Europe (n = 65), Asia (n = 17), and the USA (n = 12). Studies from Asia generally estimated lower intakes than studies from Europe and the USA. Differences in methods undermine direct comparison across studies. The assessment of AA intake through dietary questionnaires and recalls has limitations. The integration of these methods with the analysis of validated biomarkers of exposure/internal dose would improve the accuracy of dietary AA intake exposure estimation. This overview shows that AA exposure is widespread and the large variation across and within populations shows a potential for reduced intake among those with the highest exposure.

Acrylamide Content in Breast Milk: The Evaluation of the Impact of Breastfeeding Women’s Diet and the Estimation of the Exposure of Breastfed Infants to Acrylamide in Breast Milk

“…The obtained results of the median acrylamide intake from diet in the second month of breastfeeding (16.9 µg/day) were slightly lower than our earlier findings [42], where the intake of acrylamide from the diet of adult women in Poland, estimated using a probabilistic approach, averaged 20.4 µg/day. Higher average/median acrylamide intake with the diet in the groups of pregnant women, ranging from 19.6 µg/day in France to 27.1 µg/day in Norway, was presented in the review of Timmermann et al [48]. This shows that the dietary intake of acrylamide during pregnancy is higher than that during lactation, which was confirmed by our research results and those of Fohgelberg et al [37].…”

Acrylamide and Potential Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Human Population, Glucose Metabolism and Beta-Cell Toxicity

“…Children, including infants and toddlers, are undoubtedly the most exposed group due to their specific dietary pattern (children usually consume more starchy food items than adults) and also due to their lower body mass. The dietary intake in children was shown to range between 0.5 and 1.9 µg/kg b.w./day, while the 95th percentile ranged between 1.4 and 3.4 µg/kg b.w./day [ 21 ].…”

Factors Influencing the Formation of Chemical–Hemoglobin Adducts

“…These results suggest that glycidol may have a stronger ability to bind to Hb than acrylamide. The daily intakes of glycidol and acrylamide in humans were estimated to be 1.4 µg/kg b.w./day [26] and 0.02-1.53 µg/kg b.w./day [27], respectively. The daily intakes of both chemicals are considered to be similar.…”