A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets

Leyland, Ben; Boussiba, Sammy; Khozin‐Goldberg, Inna

doi:10.3390/biology9020038

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 248 publications

(326 reference statements)

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“…Thus, Patterson et al [26] stated that fatty acids as the "building units" of lipids, are hydrocarbon chains having a carboxyl (-COOH) group at one end and a methyl (-CH3) group at the other. When three fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule, energy-storing triacylglycerols are formed [27]. The amphiphilic structure of fatty acids arising from their hydrophilic carboxyl group attachment to a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain or tail provides the ideal energy storage powerhouse that is characteristic of triacylglycerols [21].…”

Section: Fatty Acids Classifications and Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Meat Eating Quality in Tattykeel Australian White Lambs

Pewan

Otto

Huerlimann

et al. 2020

Genes

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Meat eating quality with a healthy composition hinges on intramuscular fat (IMF), fat melting point (FMP), tenderness, juiciness, flavour and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) content. These health-beneficial n-3 LC-PUFA play significant roles in optimal cardiovascular, retinal, maternal and childhood brain functions, and include alpha linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids. The primary objective of this review was to access, retrieve, synthesise and critically appraise the published literature on the synthesis, metabolism and genetics of n-3 LC-PUFA and meat eating quality. Studies on IMF content, FMP and fatty acid composition were reviewed to identify knowledge gaps that can inform future research with Tattykeel Australian White (TAW) lambs. The TAW is a new sheep breed exclusive to MARGRA brand of lamb with an outstanding low fat melting point (28–39°C), high n-3 LC-PUFA EPA+DHA content (33–69mg/100g), marbling (3.4–8.2%), tenderness (20.0–38.5N) and overall consumer liking (7.9–8.5). However, correlations between n-3 LC-PUFA profile, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FASN), other lipogenic genes and meat quality traits present major knowledge gaps. The review also identified research opportunities in nutrition–genetics interactions aimed at a greater understanding of the genetics of n-3 LC-PUFA, feedlot finishing performance, carcass traits and eating quality in the TAW sheep. It was concluded that studies on IMF, FMP and n-3 LC-PUFA profiles in parental and progeny generations of TAW sheep will be foundational for the genetic selection of healthy lamb eating qualities and provide useful insights into their correlations with SCD, FASN and FABP4 genes.

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Section: Fatty Acids Classifications and Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Meat Eating Quality in Tattykeel Australian White Lambs

Pewan

Otto

Huerlimann

et al. 2020

Genes

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“…In eukaryotes, some TAG lipases and their cofactors have been demonstrated to localize to LDs [ 26 ]. For example, Diatom Oleosome-Associated Protein 1 (DOAP1) is translocated from the ER to LDs in Fistulifera solaris [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Structural Characterizations of Lipases from Chlorella by Functional Genomics

et al. 2021

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Microalgae have been poorly investigated for new-lipolytic enzymes of biotechnological interest. In silico study combining analysis of sequences homologies and bioinformatic tools allowed the identification and preliminary characterization of 14 putative lipases expressed by Chlorella vulagaris. These proteins have different molecular weights, subcellular localizations, low instability index range and at least 40% of sequence identity with other microalgal lipases. Sequence comparison indicated that the catalytic triad corresponded to residues Ser, Asp and His, with the nucleophilic residue Ser positioned within the consensus GXSXG pentapeptide. 3D models were generated using different approaches and templates and demonstrated that these putative enzymes share a similar core with common α/β hydrolases fold belonging to family 3 lipases and class GX. Six lipases were predicted to have a transmembrane domain and a lysosomal acid lipase was identified. A similar mammalian enzyme plays an important role in breaking down cholesteryl esters and triglycerides and its deficiency causes serious digestive problems in human. More structural insight would provide important information on the enzyme characteristics.

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“…Stepwise LD formation has been mostly described in non-photosynthetic organisms ( Walther et al, 2017 ; Nettebrock and Bohnert, 2020 ; Renne et al, 2020 ) even though recent review articles have underlined some specificities of plastid-containing organisms ( Chapman et al, 2019 ; Ischebeck et al, 2020 ; Leyland et al, 2020a ). Cytosolic LD biogenesis is usually described as an ER process.…”

Section: Ld Formation a Cell Response To Adapt To A Challenging Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles

et al. 2021

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The Heterokonta or Stramenopile phylum comprises clades of unicellular photosynthetic species, which are promising for a broad range of biotechnological applications, based on their capacity to capture atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis and produce biomolecules of interest. These molecules include triacylglycerol (TAG) loaded inside specific cytosolic bodies, called the lipid droplets (LDs). Understanding TAG production and LD biogenesis and function in photosynthetic stramenopiles is therefore essential, and is mostly based on the study of a few emerging models, such as the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and eustigmatophytes, such as Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis species. The biogenesis of cytosolic LD usually occurs at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, stramenopile cells contain a complex plastid deriving from a secondary endosymbiosis, limited by four membranes, the outermost one being connected to the endomembrane system. Recent cell imaging and proteomic studies suggest that at least some cytosolic LDs might be associated to the surface of the complex plastid, via still uncharacterized contact sites. The carbon length and number of double bonds of the acyl groups contained in the TAG molecules depend on their origin. De novo synthesis produces long-chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA, MUFA), whereas subsequent maturation processes lead to very long-chain polyunsaturated FA (VLC-PUFA). TAG composition in SFA, MUFA, and VLC-PUFA reflects therefore the metabolic context that gave rise to the formation of the LD, either via an early partitioning of carbon following FA de novo synthesis and/or a recycling of FA from membrane lipids, e.g., plastid galactolipids or endomembrane phosphor- or betaine lipids. In this review, we address the relationship between cytosolic LDs and the complex membrane compartmentalization within stramenopile cells, the metabolic routes leading to TAG accumulation, and the physiological conditions that trigger LD production, in response to various environmental factors.

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A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets

Cited by 30 publications

References 248 publications

Genetics of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Meat Eating Quality in Tattykeel Australian White Lambs

Genetics of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Meat Eating Quality in Tattykeel Australian White Lambs

Molecular and Structural Characterizations of Lipases from Chlorella by Functional Genomics

Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles

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