A review of current smoke constituent measurement activities and aspects of yield variability

Purkis, Stephen W.; Meger, Michael; Wuttke, Roland

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.10.006

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition to differences in individual cigarettes, laboratory measurement variability can potentially decrease the ability to accurately predict HPHC yields when considering all commercial cigarettes on the market. 35 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Agnew-Heard

Lancaster

Bravo

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The aim of this study is to explore how differences in cigarette physical design parameters influence tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields in mainstream smoke (MSS) using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking regimen. Standardized smoking methods were used to evaluate 50 U.S. domestic brand cigarettes and a reference cigarette representing a range of TNCO yields in MSS collected from linear smoking machines using a nonintense smoking regimen. Multivariate statistical methods were used to form clusters of cigarettes based on their ISO TNCO yields and then to explore the relationship between the ISO generated TNCO yields and the nine cigarette physical design parameters between and within each cluster simultaneously. The ISO generated TNCO yields in MSS are 1.1–17.0 mg tar/cigarette, 0.1–2.2 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 1.6–17.3 mg CO/cigarette. Cluster analysis divided the 51 cigarettes into five discrete clusters based on their ISO TNCO yields. No one physical parameter dominated across all clusters. Predicting ISO machine generated TNCO yields based on these nine physical design parameters is complex due to the correlation among and between the nine physical design parameters and TNCO yields. From these analyses, it is estimated that approximately 20% of the variability in the ISO generated TNCO yields comes from other parameters (e.g., filter material, filter type, inclusion of expanded or reconstituted tobacco, and tobacco blend composition, along with differences in tobacco leaf origin and stalk positions and added ingredients). A future article will examine the influence of these physical design parameters on TNCO yields under a Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Together, these papers will provide a more robust picture of the design features that contribute to TNCO exposure across the range of real world smoking patterns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Agnew-Heard

Lancaster

Bravo

et al. 2016

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…While cells produce ROS at baseline as a result of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) reactions, the basal level of ROS resulting from residual, unreduced molecular oxygen (ϳ1-3%) during OXPHOS can increase drastically when mitochondria encounter damaging stimuli. CS is a concoction of ϳ5,000 reactive chemicals, and contains Ͼ10 15 free radicals in the gas phase and 10 18 free radicals/g in the tar phase (48,63), and includes ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl anion. Accordingly, given such a high complement of exogenous reactive radicals provided by CS, it becomes important to understand the effect of CS on mitochondrial structure and function in the context of ROS and downstream effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle

Aravamudan

Kiel

Freeman

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

164

171

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The balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion is crucial for mitochondria to perform its normal cellular functions. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke (CS) disrupts this balance and enhances mitochondrial dysfunction in the airway. In nonasthmatic human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, CS extract (CSE) induced mitochondrial fragmentation and damages their networked morphology in a concentration-dependent fashion, via increased expression of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and decreased fusion protein mitofusin (Mfn) 2. CSE effects on Drp1 vs. Mfn2 and mitochondrial network morphology involved reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), protein kinase C (PKC) and proteasome pathways, as well as transcriptional regulation via factors such as NF-κB and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2. Inhibiting Drp1 prevented CSE effects on mitochondrial networks and ROS generation, whereas blocking Mfn2 had the opposite, detrimental effect. In ASM from asmatic patients, mitochondria exhibited substantial morphological defects at baseline and showed increased Drp1 but decreased Mfn2 expression, with exacerbating effects of CSE. Overall, these results highlight the importance of mitochondrial networks and their regulation in the context of cellular changes induced by insults such as inflammation (as in asthma) or CS. Altered mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins have a further potential to influence parameters such as ROS and cell proliferation and apoptosis relevant to airway diseases.

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“…Examples of potential data misinterpretation due to temporal variability within one laboratory (8) and among laboratories (9) have been discussed previously. PURKIS et al reviewed the works undertaken on smoke constituent measurements and related variability, and highlighted the factors influencing this variability (10). ELDRIDGE et al also published on the variation in tobacco and mainstream smoke constituents from selected commercial cigarette products (11), and observed that coefficient of variation (CV) values averaged 20% in a single laboratory for commercial products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Effect of Multiple Testing in Assessing Tobacco Product Differences

Verron¹,

Cahours²,

Colard³

2017

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SummaryDuring the last two decades, an increase of tobacco product reporting requirements from regulators was observed, such as Europe, Canada or USA.However, the capacity to compare and discriminate accurately two products is impacted by the number of constituents used for the comparison. Indeed, performing a large number of simultaneous independent hypothesis tests increases the probability of rejection of the null hypothesis when it should not be rejected. This leads to virtually guarantee the presence of type I errors among the findings. Correction methods have been developed to overcome this issue like the Bonferroni or Benjamini & Hochberg ones. The performance of these methods was assessed by comparing identical tobacco products with different sizes of data sets. Results showed that multiple comparisons lead to erroneous conclusions if the risk of type I error is not corrected. Unfortunately, reducing the type I error impacts the statistical power of the tests. Consequently, strategies for dealing with multiplicity of data should provide a reasonable balance between testing requirement and statistical power of differentiation. Multiple testing for product comparison is less of a problem if studies restrict to the most relevant parameters for comparison.

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A review of current smoke constituent measurement activities and aspects of yield variability

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields

Cigarette smoke-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle

Analysis of the Effect of Multiple Testing in Assessing Tobacco Product Differences

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