A review of current knowledge of myeloproliferative disorders in the horse

Abstract

Myeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have also been reported. Additionally, bone marrow disorders with dysplastic alterations and ineffective hematopoiesis affecting single or multiple cell lineages or myelodysplastic diseases (MDS), have also been reported in horses. MDSs have increased myeloblasts numbers in blood or bone marrow, although less than 20%, which is the minimum level required for diagnosis of AML. This review performed a detailed description of the current state of knowlegde of the myeloproliferative disorders in horses following the criteria established by the World Health Organization.

Subleukemic leukemia presenting as pancytopenia in an elderly female with mild constitutional symptoms: A rare case report

“…Subleukemic leukemia is diagnosed when total blood leukocyte count is within normal limit but peripheral blood smear shows few abnormal or atypical cells. 8 The general clinical features includefever, generalised weakness, bleeding and bone pain. 5 Desalphine et al in 2014 studied the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy to evaluate the cause of pancytopenia and in their study patients' age ranged from 6 to 45 years.…”

Spontaneous Sepsis in Adult Horses: From Veterinary to Human Medicine Perspectives

“…In addition, horses with sepsis show hyperlactatemia, severe cardiovascular changes such as tachycardia, abnormal mucosal appearance, increased capillary refill time, or myocardial dysfunction, as well as multiple hematobiochemical abnormalities observed in humans [ 35 , 36 ]. As for humans, cardiovascular shock secondary to sepsis generates organic dysfunctions that can lead to acute cardiac decompensation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation disorders, which cause excess mortality both in humans and horses [ 37 ]. In addition, as previously explained, many horses develop sepsis following gastrointestinal injuries or pneumonia, which would allow obtaining large cohorts to identify and validate candidate biomarkers.…”