A review of contamination status, emission sources, and human exposure to volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) in indoor environments

Tran, Tri Manh; Hoang, Anh; Le, Son T.; Minh, Tu Binh; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.168

Cited by 48 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…They are used in the production of silicone polymers, and have a range of industrial applications, including pharmacy and medicine [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. For many years, their use was considered safe for humans [ 3 , 7 ]; however, in recent years, it has been shown that they cause environmental pollution [ 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In addition, these compounds can bioaccumulate in the living organisms [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], in the ecosystem with significant durability and the ability to transport to very remote areas, including the Arctic region [ 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Krenczkowska

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Wielgomas

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Krenczkowska

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Wielgomas

et al. 2020

Pharmaceutics

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“…The use of waterproofing agents, widely used in textiles, footwear and technical and furnishing fabrics, is likely at the origin of these high concentrations. [36][37][38] Cyclohexanone and nonanal were also largely abundant but at lower concentrations than acetone and siloxanes.…”

Section: Screening Of Volatile Organic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor air quality in shopping and storage areas

et al. 2020

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In retail stores, workers are constantly exposed to new manufactured goods. The issue of the exposure of retail workers to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) should clearly be considered. Therefore, this study provides data regarding VOC concentrations in ten French retail stores. The stores were chosen to represent various products: sports goods, shoes and leather, furniture, car equipment, bazaars, online-sales storage, clothes, books, DIY (do-it-yourself), and household appliances. VOCs and aldehydes were actively sampled on the same day in five to seven locations per building and outdoors. Toluene and formaldehyde were omnipresent with indoor concentrations reaching 252 and 53 µg/m 3 , respectively. The car equipment store, followed by clothing, shoes, and leather, and DIY stores showed the worst indoor air quality. High concentrations were measured, for example, the maximum α-pinene concentration in the furniture and DIY stores was 364 and 141 µg/m 3 , respectively, and the heptane concentration in the car equipment store reached 1,316 µg/m 3 . Two VOCs classified as toxic to reproduction were measured: hexane in the car equipment store and the bazaar, and dimethylformamide in the sports goods store. This study shows some disparities in the indoor concentrations among different locations in the same store, particularly between sales and storage areas.

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“…Các VMSs được phân biệt dựa trên cấu trúc và số nguyên tử silicon trong phân tử của chúng: VMSs mạch hở (linear VMSs, LVMSs, ví dụ như L4, L5, L6) và VMSs mạch vòng (cyclic VMSs, CVMSs, ví dụ như D4, D5, D6). Tương tự như các PAEs, VMSs cũng được phát hiện phổ biến trong nhiều thành phần môi trường khác nhau như không khí, bụi, nước, đất, trầm tích và bùn thải, đặc biệt là các không gian trong nhà [5,6]. Mặc dù các tác động tiêu cực của VMSs trên cơ thể người chưa được chứng minh một cách rõ ràng nhưng độc tính của các hợp chất này trên động vật thí nghiệm đã khiến cho nhiều nghiên cứu về sự ô nhiễm VMSs trong môi trường và phơi nhiễm trên cơ thể người được thực hiện trong thời gian gần đây [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Mở đầUunclassified

Assessment of Gas–Particle Phase Distribution and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Phthalate Esters and Volatile Methyl Siloxanes in Vietnamese Micro-Environments

Anh¹,

Hanh²,

Giang³

et al. 2020

NST

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In this study, the gas–particle distribution characteristics and emission sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) and volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) were evaluated for indoor air samples collected from different micro-environments such as homes, offices, kindergartens, hair salons, laboratories, and cars in 4 cities and provinces of Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh, and Tuyen Quang, northern Vietnam. In general, total concentrations of PAEs and VMSs were higher in gas phase as compared to particle phase; however, phase distribution profiles of individual compounds were strongly related to their structures and physicochemical properties. For examples, low-molecular-weight compounds such as dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, D3, D4, L4, and L5 were more abundant in gas phase, while heavier compounds like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and L8 were preferentially associated with particle phase. Assessment of PAE emission sources is relatively difficult because they have been applied in different consumer products and materials. Significant correlation between cyclic VMSs (e.g., D4, D5, and D6) was observed, suggesting their applications in cosmetics and personal care products. Keywords: Phthalate esters, volatile methyl siloxanes, indoor air, phase distribution, source apportionment.

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A review of contamination status, emission sources, and human exposure to volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) in indoor environments

Cited by 48 publications

References 71 publications

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure

Indoor air quality in shopping and storage areas

Assessment of Gas–Particle Phase Distribution and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Phthalate Esters and Volatile Methyl Siloxanes in Vietnamese Micro-Environments

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