A review of component-in-the-loop: Cyber-physical experiments for rapid system development and integration

Fagcang, Haesul; Stobart, Richard; Steffen, Thomas

doi:10.1177/16878132221109969

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…In vehicle development, calibration tasks commonly use Model-in-the-Loop (MiL), Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) [10,11], and Engine-in-the-Loop (EiL) [12][13][14]. These X-in-the-Loop (XiL) test benches are increasingly used for testing real driving emissions and applications, as noted in numerous publication sources [15][16][17][18]. One advantage of these test benches is their high degree of flexibility.…”

Section: State-of-the-art-novel Methods For Vehicle Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Density-Based Clustering for the Analysis of Emission Events in Real Driving Emissions Calibration

Krysmon,

Pischinger,

Claßen

et al. 2024

Future Transportation

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Further reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from road vehicles is a major task for the automotive industry. Stricter regulations regarding emissions and fleet fuel consumption require the continuous development of new powertrains and methods. In particular, the combination of hybrid powertrains on the technical side and the focus on real driving emissions (RDE) on the legislative side pose significant challenges to the vehicle calibration process. Against this background, new test methods and environments are being investigated to counteract the high number of interactions between hybrid drive systems and quasi-infinite test conditions due to RDE. Complementary to new test environments, innovative methods for data analysis are needed that allow the exploitation of the complete potential of measurement data. The application of such a method in the field of emission calibration is presented in this paper. For this purpose, a clustering method (HDBSCAN) is applied to critical sequences from emission tests. Within this presentation, the clustering process is based on a single signal only. This paper shows how signals of various characteristics can be processed with dynamic time warping and generically structured with the clustering method used. Here, 959 single events are automatically categorized into 24 clusters. This provides a new basis for system evaluation, enabling the automatic identification, categorization, and prioritization of calibration weaknesses. Using twelve signals of different characteristics, the generic usability of the clustering method is demonstrated.

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Section: State-of-the-art-novel Methods For Vehicle Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Density-Based Clustering for the Analysis of Emission Events in Real Driving Emissions Calibration

Krysmon,

Pischinger,

Claßen

et al. 2024

Future Transportation

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“…The majority of the current HiL systems focus on functional hardware and software testing [27,28]. The main aim of the investigations and analyses presented in this work is to broaden this conventional scope with the incorporation of virtual engine control unit (ECU) calibration.…”

Section: Hil-based Virtual Calibration and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transferability Assessment of OBD-Related Calibration and Validation Activities from the Vehicle to HiL Applications

Dorscheidt,

Pischinger,

Bailly

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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With the Euro 7 pollutant emission legislation currently under discussion, advanced and more efficient exhaust aftertreatment systems are being developed. The technologies required for these are leading to an increase in the number of components and control systems requiring diagnoses strategies under the on-board diagnostics (OBD) legislation. With concurrent shorter development times and significant reductions in budgets allocated to conventional powertrain development, challenges in the field of OBD calibration and verification are already rising sharply. In response to these challenges, hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) approaches have been successfully introduced to support and replace conventional development methods. The use of complex simulation models significantly improves the quality of calibrations while minimizing the number of required prototype vehicles and test resources, thus reducing development costs. This paper presents a feasibility study for moving OBD-related calibration and validation tasks from the vehicle to a HiL platform. In this context, the calibration and verification process of an active diagnostic for monitoring the condition of the three-way catalyst (TWC) and the oxygen sensors in the exhaust aftertreatment system is presented. It is shown that all relevant signals are simulated with sufficient accuracy to ensure a robust transfer from the vehicle to a HiL test bench. Special attention is given to the simulation of aged components and their influence on the emission behavior of the system. Furthermore, it is discussed that transferring OBD tasks from the vehicle to the HiL test bench could result in significant savings in development time and a reduction in the number of physical prototype vehicles and test resources required.

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“…In principle, different setups for XiL testbenches are possible, which differ in the degree of virtualization and their accuracy in relation to the real system. A detailed description of the individual test environments has been reported previously [18,19]. Existing measurement data from both conventional and virtualized sources are used for efficient generation and evolution of the simulation environment.…”

Section: Use Case: Virtual Calibration Of the Operating Strategies Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Multi-Criterial Calibration of Operating Strategies for Hybrid-Electric Powertrains

Düzgün,

Dorscheidt,

Krysmon

et al. 2023

Vehicles

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In hybrid vehicle development, the operating strategy has a decisive role in meeting the development goals, such as compliance with emission standards and high energy efficiency. A considerable number of interactions and cross-influences on other topics, such as emissions, on-board diagnostics, or drivability, must be considered during the calibration process. In this context, the given time constraints pose further challenges. To overcome these, approaches for virtualization of the calibration process are an effective measure. For this purpose, in the current study, a real engine control unit is embedded into a virtual simulation environment on so-called hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) testbenches, which allow virtual calibration and validation of the complete target vehicle. In this context, the paper presents a novel method for virtual calibration of operating strategies for hybrid-electric propulsion systems. This includes an innovative multi-criterial approach that considers the requirements of several development tasks, such as emission and OBD calibration. Measurement data for this optimization is generated on a HiL testbench setup tailored for the described methodology, including both the electrical setup and the simulation environment. To validate the selection of modeling approaches and the parametrization, the simulation environment is operated in open loop. The results of the open loop validation show promising behavior regarding the proposed use case. Finally, the presented methodology is evaluated regarding time and cost savings compared to a conventional approach.

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A review of component-in-the-loop: Cyber-physical experiments for rapid system development and integration

Cited by 6 publications

References 144 publications

Applying Density-Based Clustering for the Analysis of Emission Events in Real Driving Emissions Calibration

Applying Density-Based Clustering for the Analysis of Emission Events in Real Driving Emissions Calibration

Transferability Assessment of OBD-Related Calibration and Validation Activities from the Vehicle to HiL Applications

Virtual Multi-Criterial Calibration of Operating Strategies for Hybrid-Electric Powertrains

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