A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

Dubey, J. P.

doi:10.1007/s00436-018-5890-y

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Due to the high host specificity Eimeria spp. are not transmitted between South American camelids and other species [21, 22]. As we examined only animals older than one year we found mostly very low or low excretion densities; however, in some cases animals shed considerable amounts of oocysts, indicating that coccidiosis may occur in alpacas under unfavourable conditions on the farm or might be facilitated by a poor immune status of the animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In the present study, coccidia (genus Eimeria ) were the most common endoparasites detected. In South American camelids, five different Eimeria species ( E. alpacae , E. lamae , E. punoensis , E. macusaniensis and rarely E. ivitaenis ) can be found [5, 21]; E. peruviana is currently not validated as a species. Especially E. macusaniensis is frequently implemented in clinical cases [21–23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current anthelmintic treatment is not always effective at controlling strongylid infections in German alpaca herds

Kultscher

Hinney

Schmäschke³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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Background Endoparasites are considered a major health problem of South American camelids as shown in a recent survey among German and Austrian camelid owners. Although prophylactic and therapeutic measures such as application of anthelmintics are commonly used, treatment efficacy is usually not assessed. Owners have expressed significant concerns regarding the effect of antiparasitic therapy, so this study aimed to evaluate the outcome of anthelmintic treatment in German alpaca herds with different drugs. Results Overall, 617 samples from 538 clinically healthy alpacas > 1 year-old from 27 farms ( n = 11–157 animals/herd) were examined. The most common parasites detected by flotation were Eimeria spp. (75.1%) followed by strongylids (55.0%), Nematodirus spp. (19.3%), cestodes (3.1%) and Trichuris (2.7%). After initial coproscopical examination by flotation and strongylid egg quantification by the McMaster technique, positive animals excreting at least 150 eggs per gram of faeces were included in a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) using fenbendazole ( n = 71 samples), moxidectin ( n = 71) or monepantel ( n = 66). Pre-treatment larval cultures ( n = 23 positive pooled farm samples) revealed Haemonchus (87% of the farms), Cooperia (43.5%), Trichostrongylus (21.7%), Ostertagia (13.0%), Nematodirus and Oesophagostomum (4.3% each). Fenbendazole treatment reduced egg excretion by 45%, moxidectin by 91% and monepantel by 96%. On the farm level, 13/18 farms that used fenbendazole, 6/6 farms that used moxidectin and 2/5 farms that used monepantel had individual FECR values < 90% (fenbendazole) or < 95% (moxidectin, monepantel). Haemonchus and Cooperia were overrepresented on the farms with reduced treatment efficacy. Conclusions Gastrointestinal strongylids are common in German alpacas and fenbendazole in particular was not sufficiently effective to reduce strongylid egg excretion. Although the FECRT could not unambiguously determine anthelmintic resistance in the present study, the finding that small ruminant strongylids, especially Haemonchus , are common in alpacas indicates that determination of effective anthelmintic doses, monitoring of efficacy and adapted (selective) treatment regimens must be implemented as part of sustainable deworming practices in this species in accordance with recommendations for ruminants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current anthelmintic treatment is not always effective at controlling strongylid infections in German alpaca herds

Kultscher

Hinney

Schmäschke³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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“…For example, genome sequencing from phylogenetically distinct species such as E. gruis and E. reichenowi from migratory crane [ 18 ] may inform on phenotypes associated with disseminated visceral coccidiosis, possibly revealing new genera. Similarly, accessing genomes of atypical Eimeria species such as E. leuckarti , E. macusaniensis , E. truncata and E. stiedai , from horses, alpacas, geese and rabbits, respectively [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], may offer insights into their unique biologies.…”

Section: Comparative Genomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Eimeria Genomes to Understand Population Biology: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities

Blake

Worthing

Jenkins

2020

Genes

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Eimeria, protozoan parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa, can cause the enteric disease coccidiosis in all farmed animals. Coccidiosis is commonly considered to be most significant in poultry; due in part to the vast number of chickens produced in the World each year, their short generation time, and the narrow profit margins associated with their production. Control of Eimeria has long been dominated by routine chemoprophylaxis, but has been supplemented or replaced by live parasite vaccination in a minority of production sectors. However, public and legislative demands for reduced drug use in food production is now driving dramatic change, replacing reliance on relatively indiscriminate anticoccidial drugs with vaccines that are Eimeria species-, and in some examples, strain-specific. Unfortunately, the consequences of deleterious selection on Eimeria population structure and genome evolution incurred by exposure to anticoccidial drugs or vaccines are unclear. Genome sequence assemblies were published in 2014 for all seven Eimeria species that infect chickens, stimulating the first population genetics studies for these economically important parasites. Here, we review current knowledge of eimerian genomes and highlight challenges posed by the discovery of new, genetically cryptic Eimeria operational taxonomic units (OTUs) circulating in chicken populations. As sequencing technologies evolve understanding of eimerian genomes will improve, with notable utility for studies of Eimeria biology, diversity and opportunities for control.

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“…Authors found the five most pathogenic species to be Emeria macusaniensis , Eimeria lamae , Eimeria alpacae , Eimeria punoensis and Eimeria ivataensis . With Eimeria macusaniensis considered as the most pathogenic species for South American Camelids [26].…”

Section: South American Camelids (Lama Gunacoa Lama Glama Lama Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoparasites of Domesticated Animals That Originated in the Neo-Tropics (New World Tropics)

Jones

Garcia

2019

Veterinary Sciences

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This review serves to summarize parasites found in Domesticated animals which were found in the Neo-Tropics. Indigenous domesticated Neo-tropical animals include South American camelids, (Lama gunacoa, Lama glama, Lama pacos, Vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (Cairina moschata, Anas platyrhynchos, Dendrocyga autumnalis). These animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (Neo-tropics) and over time these animals became domesticated and were distributed throughout the world. Over eighty (80) references were collected for this review and the papers spanned over eighty (80) years from 1934 to 2018. The gastrointestinal parasites reported for each animal were tabulated and their effects in the animal noted. Parasites reported in domesticated Neo-tropical animals had little to no effect on wild and free ranging animals with a few cases of illness and decreased productivity. The majority of articles viewed these animals as reservoir host which can infect humans and other domesticated livestock. It must also be noted that research done in the past did not focus on the effect these parasites had on these animals but only observed their potential as reservoirs for parasitic diseases.

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A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

Cited by 35 publications

References 46 publications

Current anthelmintic treatment is not always effective at controlling strongylid infections in German alpaca herds

Current anthelmintic treatment is not always effective at controlling strongylid infections in German alpaca herds

Exploring Eimeria Genomes to Understand Population Biology: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities

Endoparasites of Domesticated Animals That Originated in the Neo-Tropics (New World Tropics)

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