A Review of Coastal Protection Using Artificial and Natural Countermeasures—Mangrove Vegetation and Polymers

Abstract

Any stretch of coastline requires protection when the rate of erosion exceeds a certain threshold and seasonal coastal drift fluctuations fail to restore balance. Coast erosion can be caused by natural, synthetic, or a combination of the two. Severe storm occurrences, onshore interventions liable for sedimentation, wave action on the coastlines, and rising sea levels caused by climate change are instances of natural factors. The protective methods used to counteract or prevent coastal flooding are categorized as hard and soft engineering techniques. This review paper is based on extensive reviews and analyses of scientific publications. In order to establish a foundation for the selection of appropriate adaptation measures for coastal protection, this research compiles literature on a combination of both natural and artificial models using mangrove trees and polymer-based models’ configurations and their efficiency in coastal flooding. Mangrove roots occur naturally and cannot be manipulated unlike artificial model configuration which can be structurally configured with different hydrodynamic properties. Artificial models may lack the real structural features and hydrodynamic resistance of the mangrove root it depicts, and this can reduce its real-life application and accuracy. Further research is required on the integration of hybrid configuration to fully optimize the functionality of mangrove trees for coastal protection.

Directing Shallow-Water Waves Using Fixed Varying Bathymetry Designed by Recurrent Neural Networks

“…(3) The mild-slope equation RNN model provides closer results to CFD simulations because the slopes of bathymetry are taken into account, compared to the simplified model. (4) The equivalence between the dynamics of wave systems and the computation of RNN models offers a promising basis to develop intelligent machine learning tools for solving engineering problems.…”

“…Various structures have been developed for coastal protection. These structures include hard engineering solutions, such as seawalls and breakwaters [1,2], and soft ecoengineering solutions, such as artificial reefs and mangrove forests [3,4]. Submerged breakwaters, among the hard engineering structures, have minimal aesthetic and environmental impacts [5][6][7], and can be constructed from artificial reefs as an ecofriendly solution [8][9][10].…”

Environmental risk assessment of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations accumulated in selected mangrove roots and surrounding their sediment

“…In addition to playing a role in biodiversity conservation, it also provides a stable environment for the surrounding coastal landscape (Henriques et al 2021;Cahyaningsih et al 2022). Mangroves with a complete network system can adapt to tidal changes and reduce coastal erosion (Montgomery et al 2018;Nizam et al 2022;Amos and Akib 2023). In coastal areas, mangroves are very vulnerable to the spread of heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities (Rozirwan et al 2023a).…”