A review of cleaning and disinfection guidelines and recommendations following an outbreak of classical scrapie

Alarcón, Pablo; Marco‐Jiménez, Francisco; Horigan, Verity; Ortiz-Pelaez, Angel; Rajanayagam, Brenda; Dryden, A J; Simmons, Hugh; Konold, Timm; Marco, Carmen; Charnley, Judith; Spiropoulos, John; Cassar, Claire; Adkin, Amie

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105388

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Genotyping allows identifying resistant animals, which is an extremely important measure to prevent this disease (ALARCON et al, 2021). It also allows the selection of males and females carrying at least one resistant allele and its use in crosses to increase the frequency of resistance alleles, as recommended by selection programs for genetically resistant animals, considering that they not transmit the infectious prion (GUBBINS & RODEN, 2006;USDA-APHIS, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of immunohistochemistry and prion protein gene genotyping for detection of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Quevedo

Andrade

Hemckmeier³

et al. 2024

Cienc. Rural

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Scrapie is a contagious disease of sheep and goats caused by prions (PrPSc). This study described an outbreak of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. An 1-year and 3-month-old sheep developed clinical signs characterized by motor incoordination of the pelvic limbs, pruritus and alopecia for three days. The 38 sheep from the flock that were over 1 year of age underwent biopsies of the third eyelid and rectal mucosa, in addition to anti-PrPsc immunohistochemistry (IHC). Blood containing EDTA was collected for PRNP gene genotyping from these sheep. Of the 38, 16 (42.10%) had immunostaining againstPrPSc. IHC-positive animals were euthanized and necropsied, as well as lambs from positive mothers. Different organs of the 19 necropsied animals were collected in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination and anti-PrPSc IHC of the obex. The histopathology of the obex of the female with neurological signs presented discrete multifocal vacuolization of the cytoplasm of neurons and neuropil. The anti-PrPSc IHC showed that two out of the 19 obex samples had cytoplasmic immunostaining in neurons. The genotypes reported were ARQ/ARQ in 47.36%, ARR/ARQ in 36.84%, ARQ/VRQ in 10.52% and ARQ/VRR in 5.28%. The genotyping helps to identify susceptible animals and select animals more resistant to the development of Scrapie. The anti-PrPSc IHC from lymphoid biopsies, and genotyping demonstrated the high number of positive sheep classified in susceptible group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of immunohistochemistry and prion protein gene genotyping for detection of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Quevedo

Andrade

Hemckmeier³

et al. 2024

Cienc. Rural

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“…Farm biosecurity comprises a set of measures aimed at minimizing the risk of introducing pathogenic agents (external biosecurity) and preventing the spread of these pathogenic agents within a herd (internal biosecurity) [2,3,12]. Among the various parameters of external and internal biosecurity, the role and impact of cleaning and disinfection (C&D) measures have been highlighted in various studies [13][14][15][16][17]. The C&D measures involve a series of step-by-step procedures such as dry and wet cleaning, rinsing, disinfecting, and evaluating the effectiveness of the process, along with additional measures that must be applied for premises, vehicles, equipment, personnel, visitors, protective clothing, manure, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

Makovska,

Chantziaras,

Caekebeke

et al. 2024

Animals

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This study delves into the assessment of cleaning and disinfection (C&D) measures within the context of European pig farming, employing the Biocheck.UGent™ tool as an effective instrument for evaluation. A comprehensive set of relevant parameters was examined to enable meaningful comparisons across farms from 10 European countries during four years (2019–2022). Findings indicate a notable increase in C&D measure implementation in select countries (Belgium, Finland, Italy, and Spain), reflecting heightened awareness and responsibility among farmers. Additionally, the overall score for the C&D subcategory highlights variation across countries, with Italy (75), Poland (74), and Belgium (72) displaying the highest scores, while Ireland (56), Slovenia (55), and Serbia (50) reported the lowest scores. However, the considerable variation in the number of participating farms necessitates cautious comparisons. The study identifies well-implemented C&D measures in the frame of external biosecurity but underscores gaps in the application of C&D measures for the material introduction practices across farms (22% of farms), which are attributed to awareness gaps and resource limitations. In the areas of internal biosecurity, strong points include C&D procedures after each production cycle (79%), implementing different stages in the C&D process (65%) and sufficient sanitary break (82%), while gaps are evident in the presence and using of hand hygiene stations (19% of farms) and boots disinfection equipment (40% of farms) between compartments/units. Notably, the study reveals a lack of evaluation of hygiene after C&D procedures (only 1% of farms), signaling critical knowledge gaps among farmers regarding proper assessment tools and methods. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis sheds light on the implementation status of C&D measures in European pig farming, offering insights into both areas of progress and those requiring improvement. The findings emphasize the need for targeted awareness campaigns and training initiatives to bolster biosecurity practices within the industry.

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“…Training on fecal matter from deer infected with CWD poses environmental risks; fecal matter from CWD-positive deer contains CWD prions, and these prions show resistance to natural deactivation mechanisms such as desiccation, degradation via freeze-thaw cycles, extracellular enzymes from bacteria and fungi, UV irradiation, or digestion by macrofauna in soil [13,14]. Additionally, handling fecal samples from CWD-positive deer has been suggested to have a high likelihood of facilitating environment recontamination [15,16]. As such, training detection dogs with fecal samples from CWD-positive deer while monitoring containment and proper handling may be unfeasible for canine handlers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Different Chronic Wasting Disease Training Aids for Use with Detection Dogs

Mallikarjun,

Charendoff,

Moore

et al. 2024

Animals

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly infectious, fatal prion disease that affects cervid species. One promising method for CWD surveillance is the use of detection dog–handler teams wherein dogs are trained on the volatile organic compound signature of CWD fecal matter. However, using fecal matter from CWD-positive deer poses a biohazard risk; CWD prions can bind to soil particles and remain infectious in contaminated areas for extended periods of time, and it is very difficult to decontaminate the affected areas. One solution is to use noninfectious training aids that can replicate the odor of fecal matter from CWD-positive and CWD-negative deer and are safe to use in the environment. Trained CWD detection dogs’ sensitivity and specificity for different training aid materials (cotton, GetXent tubes, and polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS) incubated with fecal matter from CWD-positive and CWD-negative deer at two different temperatures (21 °C and 37 °C) for three different lengths of time (6 h, 24 h, and 48 h) were evaluated. Cotton incubated at 21 °C for 24 h was identified as the best aid for CWD based on the dogs’ performance and practical needs for training aid creation. Implications for CWD detection training and for training aid selection in general are discussed.

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A review of cleaning and disinfection guidelines and recommendations following an outbreak of classical scrapie

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Use of immunohistochemistry and prion protein gene genotyping for detection of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Use of immunohistochemistry and prion protein gene genotyping for detection of Scrapie in sheep in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Assessment of Cleaning and Disinfection Practices on Pig Farms across Ten European Countries

Assessing Different Chronic Wasting Disease Training Aids for Use with Detection Dogs

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