A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate’s Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.

A Short Review on Chondroitin Sulphate and Its Based Nanomaterials for Bone Repair and Bone Remodelling Applications

“…Chondroitin sulphate possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which can be advantageous in diminishing inflammation at the site of injuries or in sick bone structures. It has increased cell proliferation and differentiation capacity to augment the growth and specialisation of osteoblasts, the cells accountable for the creation of bone [88].…”

Sulfated Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffolds Seeded With Adipose Stem Cells Promote Ischemic Wound Healing in a Proangiogenic Strategy

“…Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are widely distributed in the ECM, cell surface, or intracellular vesicles 20 . Due to a large number of negatively charged sulfated modifications, extracellular sulfated GAGs bind to positive or polar amino acid residues on target proteins, affecting the interaction of receptor proteins with their ligands or inducing receptor oligomerization, and are also thought to be co-ligands of some membrane receptors 21 . Our previous study first synthesized highly sulfated heparin-like polysaccharide 2-N, 6-O-sulfated chitosan (26SCS)-doped PLGA electrospun scaffold (S-PLGA) which has been proven to interact with numerous proteins to regulate physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, blood coagulation, lipid metabolism, and angiogenesisc 22 .…”

Influence of natural polysaccharides on the morphology and properties of hybrid vaterite microcrystals

“…Dextran sulfate (DS) is produced by sulfation of dextran synthesized by bacteria [ 48 ]. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) from mammals and invertebrates is a typical glycosaminoglycan and the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix [ 49 ]. Clinical study revealed the safety of chondroitin sulfate administration and almost no side effects.…”